Latent Flow Matching for Arbitrage-Aware Implied Volatility Surface Generation

Oscar Brooks, Dusica Bajalica, Yating Liu and Imen Ben Tahar

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Abstract: We propose an arbitrage-aware latent flow-matching framework for unconditional implied volatility surface generation. The method first compresses high-dimensional surfaces into a low-dimensional latent space using a variational autoencoder regularized by differentiable calendar-spread, call-spread and butterfly-arbitrage penalties. A flow-matching model then learns to transport a Gaussian prior toward the empirical latent distribution, and generated latent samples are decoded back into volatility surfaces. We evaluate the approach using marginal and surface-level Wasserstein distances, smile and skew diagnostics, pointwise quantile surfaces, financially interpretable shape metrics, and static no-arbitrage tests. The proposed model closely reproduces the empirical distribution and the main maturity-moneyness structures, achieves the best performance in the extreme Q99 regime, and generates 90.8% of surfaces satisfying all tested static no-arbitrage conditions. Overall, the results show that latent flow matching provides a favorable balance between distributional similarity, tail preservation, and financial consistency without requiring post-sampling reweighting.

Date: 2026-08, Revised 2026-08
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