JaxMARL-BC: Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning for Macroeconomic Modelling, in Seconds

Daniele Montagnani, Andrea Coletta, Antonietta Mira and Aldo Glielmo

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Abstract: Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) offers a principled way of populating simulated economies with many heterogeneous decision makers. Its adoption, pioneered in finance, has nonetheless been slow in macroeconomics because of two main limitations: the lack of a shared frame of reference connecting MARL systems to dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) models the profession already trusts, and the very long training times. The first limitation was recently addressed by the Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Business Cycle (MARL-BC), which places deep RL households in a real business cycle economy and reduces to classic DSGE models in specific limits. Here we address the second limitation. We present JaxMARL-BC, a JAX-accelerated simulator that trains MARL-BC economies in seconds (between 75x and 724x faster than the reference implementation), and scales to 200,000 independent learning households. We verify its correctness against the known DSGE limits, characterise its scaling through a simple cost law, and demonstrate its value by a proof-of-concept calibration of an extended model with heterogeneous returns on capital, in a two-hour experiment that would previously have taken over a month. We release JaxMARL-BC as open source.

Date: 2026-10
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Published in Proceedings of the 7th ACM International Conference on AI in Finance (ICAIF '26), Milan, Italy, 2026

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