Neural Score-Driven Volatility and Risk Forecasting

Qianli Zhao, Chao Wang, Minh-Ngoc Tran and Richard Gerlach

Papers from arXiv.org

Abstract: We develop a score-driven volatility model in which no particular parametric innovation distribution needs to be specified. The proposed method relies on a lightweight neural network to represent the negative score of the innovation density. By integrating and normalizing the learned score and imposing location-scale identification, we recover a flexible innovation density that can accommodate asymmetry, including negative skewness commonly observed in financial returns. Two estimation procedures are considered. A two-step procedure estimates the neural score by score matching and subsequently fits the volatility recursion with the identified density held fixed. A one-step procedure jointly refines the neural and volatility parameters under the conditional likelihood. We illustrate the practical relevance of the proposed method using eight international equity indices, with a separate evaluation of the high-volatility first half of 2020. The results show that the neural score-driven models are competitive with Gaussian and Student-$t$ GAS benchmarks that require a prespecified parametric innovation distribution, with particularly strong performance during the COVID-19 period.

Date: 2026-11
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