The Persistence of Gender Pay and Employment Gaps in European Countries

Antonio Afonso and M. Carmen Blanco-Arana

No 11315, CESifo Working Paper Series from CESifo

Abstract: The gender pay gap and the gender gap in employment remains persistent in Europe despite the basic assertion of gender equality under EU law. We assess the factors that influence the gender pay gap and gender employment gap across European countries. Therefore, we use an unbalanced panel of 31 European countries over the period 2000-2022, and estimate a system generalized method of moment model (GMM). The main conclusions confirm that tertiary education significantly reduces gender pay gap and part-time and temporary contracts significantly increase this gap. Moreover, part-time reduces significantly gender employment gap. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita does not affect these gaps and the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) saw a narrowing of the gender pay and employment gaps in European countries. The results are robust when using a fixed effects (FE) model..

Keywords: gender pay gap; gender employment gap; secondary education; tertiary education; part-time; temporary work; GMM; European countries (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: C23 J00 J16 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2024
New Economics Papers: this item is included in nep-eec, nep-eur, nep-gen and nep-lab
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Related works:
Working Paper: The persistence of gender pay and employment gaps in European countries (2024)
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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11315

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