The Effect of Western Technology on Soviet Industrial Development

Andrei Markevich and Torsten Santavirta

No 20811, CEPR Discussion Papers from Centre for Economic Policy Research

Abstract: During the Soviet Union’s First Five-Year Plan, Western know-how and technology were infused into industry through contracts with foreign specialists and companies. We study the effect of this state-led policy on labor productivity using its largest single recruitment effort, Karelian Technical Aid, letting us exploit exogenous variation in technology transfer within one sector: the wood processing industry. Combining individual-level data on over 5,000 North American specialists with a novel panel covering the universe of interwar Soviet enterprises in Karelia and the Northern Region, we document large and persistent productivity gains, providing the first causal estimates of Western technology transfer in Soviet industrialization. Our findings suggest that such foreign assistance served as a fast, cheaper substitute for the formal apprenticeship system. The gains operated through transmitted tacit knowledge rather than capital, concentrated at less capital-intensive stages of the value chain and where elementary schooling and a shared language enabled knowledge absorption.

Keywords: Industrial policy; Technology; Technical assistance (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: J24 N64 O14 O3 P2 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025-11
New Economics Papers: this item is included in nep-cis and nep-his
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