Ruggedness: The Blessing of Bad Geography in Africa

Diego Puga and Nathan Nunn

No 6253, CEPR Discussion Papers from C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers

Abstract: There is controversy about whether geography matters mainly because of its contemporaneous impact on economic outcomes or because of its interaction with historical events. Looking at terrain ruggedness, we are able to estimate the importance of these two channels. Because rugged terrain hinders trade and most productive activities, it has a negative direct effect on income. However, in Africa rugged terrain afforded protection to those being raided by slave traders. Since the slave trade retarded subsequent economic development, in Africa ruggedness also has had a historical indirect positive effect on income. Studying all countries worldwide, we find that both effects are significant statistically and that for Africa the indirect positive effect dominates the direct negative effect. Looking within Africa, we provide evidence that the indirect effect operates through the slave trade. We also show that the slave trade, by encouraging population concentrations in rugged areas, have also amplified the negative direct impact of rugged terrain in Africa.

Keywords: Africa; Economic development; Geography; Slave trades; Terrain ruggedness (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: N40 N50 O11 O13 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2007-04
New Economics Papers: this item is included in nep-afr, nep-dev and nep-int
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (26)

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Related works:
Journal Article: Ruggedness: The Blessing of Bad Geography in Africa (2012)
Working Paper: Ruggedness: The Blessing of Bad Geography in Africa (2012)
Working Paper: Ruggedness: The blessing of bad geography in Africa (2010)
Working Paper: Ruggedness: The Blessing of Bad Geography in Africa (2009)
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