Birth Cohort Size Variation and the Estimation of Class Size Effects

Maximilian Bach and Stephan Sievert

No 1817, Discussion Papers of DIW Berlin from DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research

Abstract: We present evidence that the practice of holding back poorly performing students affects estimates of the impact of class size on student outcomes based on within-school variation of cohort size over time. This type of variation is commonly used to identify class size effects. We build a theoretical model in which cohort size is subject to random shocks and students whose performance falls below a threshold are retained. Our model predicts that initial birth cohort size is mechanically related to the grade-level share of previously retained students once these cohorts reach higher grades. This compositional effect gives rise to an upward bias in class size effects exploiting variation in birth cohort size. Using administrative data on school enrollment for all primary schools in one federal state of Germany, we find support for this compositional effect. Correcting for the resulting bias in a unique dataset on standardized test scores for the full student population of third graders, we find that not only are smaller classes beneficial for language and math test scores, but also for reducing grade repetition.

Keywords: Class size effects; Quasi-experimental evidence; Student achievement; Primary school (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I20 I21 I29 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Pages: 87 p.
Date: 2019
New Economics Papers: this item is included in nep-ure
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (2)

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Related works:
Working Paper: Birth cohort size variation and the estimation of class size effects (2020)
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