The Economics of Sovereign Debt, Bailouts, and the Eurozone Crisis

Pierre-Olivier Gourinchas, Philippe Martin and Todd Messer

No 2023/177, IMF Working Papers from International Monetary Fund

Abstract: Despite a formal ‘no-bailout clause,’ we estimate significant net present value transfers from the European Union to Cyprus, Greece, Ireland, Portugal, and Spain, ranging from roughly 0.5% (Ireland) to a whopping 43% (Greece) of 2010 output during the Eurozone crisis. We propose a model to analyze and understand bailouts in a monetary union, and the large observed differences across countries. We characterize bailout size and likelihood as a function of the economic fundamentals (economic activity, debt-to-gdp ratio, default costs). Our model embeds a ‘Southern view’ of the crisis (transfers did not help) and a ‘Northern view’ (transfers weaken fiscal discipline). While a stronger no-bailout commitment reduces risk-shifting, it may not be optimal from the perspective of the creditor country, even ex-ante, if it increases the risk of immediate insolvency for high debt countries. Hence, the model provides a potential justification for the often decried policy of ‘kicking the can down the road.’ Mapping the model to the estimated transfers, we find that the main purpose of the outsized Greek bailout was to prevent an exit from the eurozone and possible contagion. Bailouts to avoid sovereign default were comparatively modest.

Keywords: Euro area; Monetary Union; Sovereign debt; bailouts; Eurozone crisis; bailout size; no-bailout clause; debt country; debtor country; Monetary unions; Loans; Collateral; Debt default; Global (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Pages: 78
Date: 2023-08-25
New Economics Papers: this item is included in nep-eec and nep-opm
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Related works:
Working Paper: The Economics of Sovereign Debt, Bailouts and the Eurozone Crisis (2022)
Working Paper: The Economics of Sovereign Debt, Bailouts and the Eurozone Crisis (2020)
Working Paper: The Economics of Sovereign Debt, Bailouts and the Eurozone Crisis (2020)
Working Paper: The Economics of Sovereign Debt, Bailouts and the Eurozone Crisis (2020)
Working Paper: The Economics of Sovereign Debt, Bailouts and the Eurozone Crisis (2020)
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