AI and Skills

Alice Bertoletti (), Alessia De Santo (), Yannis Galanakis () and Wouter Vergote ()
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Alice Bertoletti: European Commission - JRC, https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu/index_en
Alessia De Santo: European Commission - JRC, https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu/index_en
Yannis Galanakis: European Commission - JRC, https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu/index_en
Wouter Vergote: European Commission - JRC, https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu/index_en

No JRC148616, JRC Research Reports from Joint Research Centre

Abstract: Exposure to artificial intelligence has risen across the occupational spectrum, but actual use lags behind: in 2024-2025, 30% of EU workers reported using AI at work, and by 2025 20% of enterprises had adopted AI technologies. Adoption is uneven, ranging from close to 40% of white-collar workers to 6% in elementary occupations, and concentrated in large firms, digitally intensive sectors and Northern Member States. Exposure is highest in high-skilled, office-based work, but it does not equal replacement: whether AI augments or displaces workers depends on how central judgement, responsibility and human interaction remain to the job. So far, employment and vacancy data show no clear sign of labour-market disruption, which makes it difficult to design targeted reskilling measures and calls for more granular data and monitoring. On the supply side, AI-related education and training in EU higher education is anchored in master's degrees, while the short, flexible formats most needed by the already-employed workforce remain underdeveloped. AI literacy should go hand in hand with transversal and human-centred skills, teachers need strong policy support to adapt, and AI in vocational education and training should be approached as a system transformation, building on proven initiatives such as those under the Pact for Skills.

Date: 2026-10
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