Were Urban Cowboys Enough to Control COVID-19? Local Shelter-In-Place Orders and Coronavirus Case Growth

Dhaval Dave, Andrew Friedson, Kyutaro Matsuzawa (), Joseph J. Sabia () and Samuel Safford ()
Additional contact information
Kyutaro Matsuzawa: San Diego State University
Joseph J. Sabia: San Diego State University
Samuel Safford: San Diego State University

No 13262, IZA Discussion Papers from Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)

Abstract: One of the most common policy prescriptions to reduce the spread of COVID-19 has been to legally enforce social distancing through state or local shelter-in-place orders (SIPOs). This paper is the first to explore the comparative effectiveness of early county-level SIPOs versus later statewide mandates in curbing COVID-19 growth. We exploit the unique laboratory of Texas, a state in which the early adoption of local SIPOs by densely populated counties covered almost two-thirds of the state's population prior to Texas's adoption of a statewide SIPO on April 2, 2020. Using an event study framework, we document that countywide SIPO adoption is associated with a 14 percent increase in the percent of residents who remain at home full-time, a social distancing effect that is largest in urbanized and densely populated counties. Then, we find that in early adopting counties, COVID-19 case growth fell by 19 to 26 percentage points two-and-a-half weeks following adoption, a result robust to controls for county-level heterogeneity in outbreak timing, coronavirus testing, and border SIPO policies. This effect is driven nearly entirely by highly urbanized and densely populated counties. In total, we find that approximately 90 percent of the curbed growth in statewide COVID-19 cases in Texas came from the early adoption of SIPOs by urbanized counties. These results suggest that the later statewide mandate yielded relatively few health benefits.

Keywords: COVID-19; shelter-in-place orders; coronavirus; urbanicity; population density (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: H75 I18 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Pages: 39 pages
Date: 2020-05
New Economics Papers: this item is included in nep-hea and nep-ure
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Citations: View citations in EconPapers (37)

Published - published in: Journal of Urban Economics, 2022, 127, 103294

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