The Impact of Margaret Sanger's Birth Control Clinics on Early 20th Century U.S. Fertility and Mortality

Stefan Bauernschuster, Michael Grimm and Cathy M. Hajo
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Cathy M. Hajo: Ramapo College of New Jersey

No 16118, IZA Discussion Papers from Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)

Abstract: Margaret Sanger established the first birth control clinic in New York in 1916. From the mid-1920s, "Sanger clinics" spread over the entire U.S. Combining newly digitized data on the roll-out of these clinics, full-count Census data, and administrative vital statistics, we find that birth control clinics accounted for 5.0–7.8% of the overall fertility decline until 1940. Moreover, birth control clinics had a significant and meaningful negative effect on the incidence of stillbirths and infant mortality. The effect of birth control clinics on puerperal deaths is consistently negative, yet insignificant. Further suggestive evidence points towards positive effects on female employment.

Keywords: birth control; fertility; mortality; Margaret Sanger; demographic transition (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: D10 J13 J23 N32 O12 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Pages: 62 pages
Date: 2023-05
New Economics Papers: this item is included in nep-hea, nep-his and nep-lma
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Citations: View citations in EconPapers (1)

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Working Paper: The Impact of Margaret Sanger’s Birth Control Clinics on Early 20th Century U.S. Fertility and Mortality (2023)
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