Child Penalties and Parental Role Models: Classroom Exposure Effects

Henrik Jacobsen Kleven (), Giulia Olivero () and Eleonora Patacchini ()
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Henrik Jacobsen Kleven: Princeton University
Giulia Olivero: Cornell University
Eleonora Patacchini: Cornell University

No 17309, IZA Discussion Papers from Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)

Abstract: This paper investigates whether the effects of children on the labor market outcomes of women relative to men — child penalties — are shaped by the work behavior of peers' parents during adolescence. Leveraging quasi-random variation in the fraction of peers with working parents across cohorts within schools, we find that greater exposure to working mothers during adolescence substantially reduces the child penalty in employment later in life. Conversely, we find that greater exposure to working fathers increases the penalty. Our findings suggest that parental role models during adolescence are critical for shaping child-related gender gaps in the labor market.

Keywords: child penalty; gender norms; long-run (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: J13 J16 J21 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Pages: 27 pages
Date: 2024-09
New Economics Papers: this item is included in nep-lab and nep-ure
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