The Motherhood Penalty: Gender Norms, Occupational Sorting, and Labor Supply

Césarine Boinet, Jonathan Norris () and Agnese Romiti ()
Additional contact information
Jonathan Norris: University of Strathclyde
Agnese Romiti: University of Strathclyde

No 17334, IZA Discussion Papers from Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)

Abstract: In this paper, we examine how pre-birth gender norms shape women's labor market trajectories and occupational choices around motherhood in the United Kingdom. Using data from the British Household Panel Survey, we first quantify the impact of gender norms on earnings and labor supply post-childbirth. Our results show that traditional mothers experience a 18-percentage-point (pp) higher motherhood penalty in earnings and a 20-pp higher motherhood penalty in hours worked compared to egalitarian mothers. Second, we investigate the role of pre-birth comparative advantage within couples, finding that this mechanism applies only to egalitarian parents. Third, we examine the interaction between occupational characteristics, including their degree of family-friendliness, and pre-birth gender norms. We find that accounting for occupational sorting significantly reduces the average earnings penalty for both traditional and egalitarian mothers, driven entirely by hours worked for traditional mothers. In addition, we show that occupational sorting explains 80% of the short-run earnings penalty gap between traditional and egalitarian mothers and eliminates the difference in hours worked penalties entirely. Thus, traditional women seem to sort pre-birth into occupations that facilitate a larger reduction in hours worked post-motherhood, which in turn have a substantial impact on their earnings trajectory.

Keywords: motherhood penalty; occupational sorting; gender norms (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: J16 J22 J24 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Pages: 85 pages
Date: 2024-09
New Economics Papers: this item is included in nep-gen, nep-lma and nep-soc
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Citations: View citations in EconPapers (2)

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