Nonbinary Gender Identities and Earnings: Evidence from a National Census

Christopher S. Carpenter (), Donna Feir, Krishna Pendakur () and Casey Warman
Additional contact information
Christopher S. Carpenter: Vanderbilt University
Krishna Pendakur: Simon Fraser University

No 17377, IZA Discussion Papers from IZA Network @ LISER

Abstract: The social and legal recognition of nonbinary people—those who do not exclusively identify with traditionally male or female genders—is growing. Yet, we know little about their economic realities. We offer the first nationally representative evidence on the earnings of nonbinary people using restricted-access 2021 Canadian Census data linked to tax records. We find that, although nonbinary individuals tend to be more educated than their peers, they have significantly lower earnings, especially at the bottom of the income distribution, even after adjusting for various demographic and socioeconomic factors.

Keywords: nonbinary; transgender; gender minority; earnings (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: J1 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Pages: 39 pages
Date: 2024-10
New Economics Papers: this item is included in nep-dem and nep-lab
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations:

Downloads: (external link)
https://docs.iza.org/dp17377.pdf (application/pdf)

Related works:
This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: Search for items with the same title.

Export reference: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) HTML/Text

Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17377

Access Statistics for this paper

More papers in IZA Discussion Papers from IZA Network @ LISER Contact information at EDIRC.
Bibliographic data for series maintained by Mark Fallak ().