Nonbinary Gender Identities and Earnings: Evidence from a National Census

Christopher S. Carpenter (), Donna Feir, Krishna Pendakur () and Casey Warman
Additional contact information
Christopher S. Carpenter: Vanderbilt University
Krishna Pendakur: Simon Fraser University

No 17377, IZA Discussion Papers from Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)

Abstract: The social and legal recognition of nonbinary people—those who do not exclusively identify with traditionally male or female genders—is growing. Yet, we know little about their economic realities. We offer the first nationally representative evidence on the earnings of nonbinary people using restricted-access 2021 Canadian Census data linked to tax records. We find that, although nonbinary individuals tend to be more educated than their peers, they have significantly lower earnings, especially at the bottom of the income distribution, even after adjusting for various demographic and socioeconomic factors.

Keywords: nonbinary; transgender; gender minority; earnings (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: J1 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Pages: 39 pages
Date: 2024-10
New Economics Papers: this item is included in nep-dem and nep-lab
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Working Paper: Nonbinary Gender Identities and Earnings: Evidence from a National Census (2024)
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