The Effect of Non-Parental Childcare on Parental Employment, Care Time and Quality: Time Diary Evidence from Korea, the UK, and Denmark

Nabanita Datta Gupta (), Kristian Hedeager (), Youngsook Kim () and Leslie Stratton ()
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Nabanita Datta Gupta: Aarhus University
Kristian Hedeager: Kraka, Danmark
Youngsook Kim: Korean Women's Development Institute
Leslie Stratton: Virginia Commonwealth University

No 18738, IZA Discussion Papers from IZA Network @ LISER

Abstract: We compare the effects of non-parental care (NPC) for young children on mothers’ and fathers’ employment and childcare time, using data from Korea, the United Kingdom, and Denmark. Our findings indicate that mothers using NPC are more likely to be employed, particularly in Korea. Correspondingly, in all three countries mothers using NPC spend less time on childcare on weekdays, but in Korea less time is also spent on weekends and on quality care. The effects for fathers are rarely significant. We find evidence that family-friendly workplaces, care type, and gender norms all play a role in explaining the cross-country differences.

Keywords: non-parental care; employment; parental care time; parenting quality; survey data; time-use; time-diary data (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: J13 J22 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2026-06
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