The Rise of the Fourth Estate: How Newspapers Became Informative and Why It Mattered

Matthew Gentzkow, Edward Glaeser and Claudia Goldin

No 10791, NBER Working Papers from National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc

Abstract: A free and informative press is widely agreed to be crucial to the democratic process today. But throughout much of the nineteenth century U.S. newspapers were often public relations tools funded by politicians, and newspaper independence was a rarity. The newspaper industry underwent fundamental changes between 1870 and 1920 as the press became more informative and less partisan. Whereas 11 percent of urban dailies were "independent" in 1870, 62 percent were in 1920. The rise of the informative press was the result of increased scale and competitiveness in the newspaper industry caused by technological progress in the newsprint and newspaper industries. We examine the press coverage surrounding two major political scandals -- Credit Mobilier in the early 1870s and Teapot Dome in the 1920s. The analysis demonstrates a sharp reduction in bias and charged language in the half century after 1870. From 1870 to 1920, when corruption appears to have declined significantly within the United States, the press became more informative, less partisan, and expanded its circulation considerably. It seems a reasonable hypothesis that the rise of the informative press was one of the reasons why the corruption of the Gilded Age was sharply reduced during the subsequent Progressive Era.

JEL-codes: H1 N4 O1 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2004-09
New Economics Papers: this item is included in nep-his
Note: DAE LE
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Citations: View citations in EconPapers (37)

Published as The Rise of the Fourth Estate. How Newspapers Became Informative and Why It Mattered , Matthew Gentzkow, Edward L. Glaeser, Claudia Goldin. in Corruption and Reform: Lessons from America's Economic History , Glaeser and Goldin. 2006

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