Why Can Modern Governments Tax So Much? An Agency Model of Firms as Fiscal Intermediaries

Henrik Jacobsen Kleven, Claus Kreiner and Emmanuel Saez

No 15218, NBER Working Papers from National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc

Abstract: This paper presents a simple agency model to explain why third-party income reporting by employers dramatically improves income tax enforcement. Modern firms have a large number of employees and carry out complex production tasks, which requires the use of accurate business records. Because such records are widely used within the firm, any single employee can denounce collusive tax cheating between employees and the employer by revealing the true records to the government. We show that, if a firm is large enough, such whistleblowing threats will make tax enforcement successful even with low penalties and low audit rates. Embedding this agency model into the standard Allingham-Sandmo tax evasion model, we show that third-party reporting improves tax enforcement if the government disallows self-reported losses or audits such losses more stringently, which fits with actual tax policy practices. We also embed the agency model into a simple macroeconomic growth model where the size of firms grows with exogenous technological progress. In early stages of development, firms are small, tax rates are severely constrained by enforcement, and the size of government is too small. As firm size increases, the enforcement constraint is slackened, and government size is growing. In late stages of development, firm size is sufficiently large to make third-party tax enforcement completely effective and government size is socially optimal.

JEL-codes: H11 H20 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2009-08
New Economics Papers: this item is included in nep-acc and nep-pbe
Note: PE
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Citations: View citations in EconPapers (78)

Published as Henrik Jacobsen Kleven & Claus Thustrup Kreiner & Emmanuel Saez, 2016. "Why Can Modern Governments Tax So Much? An Agency Model of Firms as Fiscal Intermediaries," Economica, vol 83(330), pages 219-246.

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Journal Article: Why Can Modern Governments Tax So Much? An Agency Model of Firms as Fiscal Intermediaries (2016)
Working Paper: Why can modern governments tax so much? An agency model of firms as fiscal intermediaries (2016)
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