Embedded Leverage

Andrea Frazzini () and Lasse Pedersen

No 18558, NBER Working Papers from National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc

Abstract: Many financial instruments are designed with embedded leverage such as options and leveraged exchange traded funds (ETFs). Embedded leverage alleviates investors' leverage constraints and, therefore, we hypothesize that embedded leverage lowers required returns. Consistent with this hypothesis, we find that asset classes with embedded leverage offer low risk-adjusted returns and, in the cross-section, higher embedded leverage is associated with lower returns. A portfolio which is long low-embedded-leverage securities and short high-embedded-leverage securities earns large abnormal returns, with t-statistics of 8.6 for equity options, 6.3 for index options, and 2.5 for ETFs. We provide extensive robustness tests and discuss the broader implications of embedded leverage for financial economics.

JEL-codes: G0 G1 G12 G13 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2012-11
Note: AP
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (7)

Published as Andrea Frazzini & Lasse Heje Pedersen & Jeffrey Pontiff, 2022. "Embedded Leverage," The Review of Asset Pricing Studies, vol 12(1), pages 1-52.

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Journal Article: Embedded Leverage (2022)
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