Cash and the Economy: Evidence from India's Demonetization

Gabriel Chodorow-Reich, Gita Gopinath, Prachi Mishra and Abhinav Narayanan

No 25370, NBER Working Papers from National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc

Abstract: We analyze a unique episode in the history of monetary economics, the 2016 Indian "demonetization." This policy made 86% of cash in circulation illegal tender overnight, with new notes gradually introduced over the next several months. We present a model of demonetization where agents hold cash both to satisfy a cash-in-advance constraint and for tax evasion purposes. We test the predictions of the model in the cross-section of Indian districts using several novel data sets including: the geographic distribution of demonetized and new notes for causal inference; nightlight activity and employment surveys to measure economic activity including in the informal sector; debit/credit cards and e-wallet transactions data; and banking data on deposit and credit growth. Districts experiencing more severe demonetization had relative reductions in economic activity, faster adoption of alternative payment technologies, and lower bank credit growth. The cross-sectional responses cumulate to a contraction in employment and nightlights-based output due to demonetization of 2 p.p. and of bank credit of 2 p.p. in 2016Q4 relative to their counterfactual paths, effects which dissipate over the next few months. These cumulated effects provide a lower bound for the aggregate effects of demonetization. Our analysis rejects money non-neutrality using a large scale natural experiment, something that is yet rare in the vast literature on the effects of monetary policy.

JEL-codes: E5 O23 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2018-12
New Economics Papers: this item is included in nep-his, nep-iue, nep-mac, nep-mon and nep-pay
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Citations: View citations in EconPapers (13)

Published as Gabriel Chodorow-Reich & Gita Gopinath & Prachi Mishra & Abhinav Narayanan, 2020. "Cash and the Economy: Evidence from India’s Demonetization*," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol 135(1), pages 57-103.

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Related works:
Journal Article: Cash and the Economy: Evidence from India’s Demonetization (2020)
Working Paper: Cash and the Economy: Evidence from India's Demonetization (2019)
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