‘Mechanization Takes Command’: Inanimate Power and Labor Productivity in Late Nineteenth Century American Manufacturing

Jeremy Atack, Robert Margo and Paul Rhode

No 27436, NBER Working Papers from National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc

Abstract: During the nineteenth century, the US manufacturing sector shifted away from the “hand labor” mode of production, characteristic of artisan shops, to the “machine labor” of the factory. This was the focus of an extremely detailed but extraordinarily complex study by the Commissioner of Labor published in 1899 that has until now defied systematic analysis. Here, we explore the overall productivity gains associated with these changes in production methods and the specific, causal role of inanimate power. Under the machine labor mode, the time necessary to complete production tasks declined by 85 percent, a remarkable gain in labor productivity. We also present OLS and IV estimates of the effects of using inanimate power, such as steam, at the production operation level Our IV is based on the gerunds describing the various production activities. Treating our IV estimates as causal, about one-third of the higher productivity of machine labor is attributed to greater use of inanimate power per se.

JEL-codes: N61 O14 O33 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2020-06
New Economics Papers: this item is included in nep-eff, nep-gro and nep-his
Note: DAE
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Citations: View citations in EconPapers (7)

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