Social Sorting and Political Cleavages: Evidence from 2.5 Million Electoral Candidates

Jesus Fernandez-Villaverde and Carlos Sanz ()
Additional contact information
Carlos Sanz: Banco de Espana and CEMFI

PIER Working Paper Archive from Penn Institute for Economic Research, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania

Abstract: How socially distinct are competing political parties’ candidate pools? Since names encode cultural milieu, lineage, linguistic origin, and ancestry that standard socioeconomic variables miss, we measure social sorting across parties with names, predicting affiliation out of sample within municipality-years. Across more than 2.5 million local-election candidates, names pick the right-wing candidate in a random within-municipality pair 55.8% of the time in Spain and 56.5% in France. Given names alone do most of the work: around 55.0%. Under a stylized model of intergenerational transmission of political orientation, this translates to an implied gap of about 25 p.p. in parental naming propensities. The signal is stable in Spain but doubles in France by 2026. Within ideological families, names separate parties as sharply as across the right–left divide, even more so in France. The Spanish cleavage is linguistic and growing. The French one runs through names of immigrant origin and is strongest in large cities.

Keywords: Names; Political selection; Social sorting; Political cleavages; Party candidates; Machine learning prediction (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: C53 D72 J15 Z13 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Pages: 164 pages
Date: 2026
References: Add references at CitEc
Citations:

Downloads: (external link)
https://economics.sas.upenn.edu/system/files/worki ... per%20Submission.pdf (application/pdf)

Related works:
Working Paper: Social Sorting and Political Cleavages: Evidence from 2.5 Million Electoral Candidates (2026)
Working Paper: Social Sorting and Political Cleavages: Evidence from 2.5 Million Electoral Candidates (2026)
This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: Search for items with the same title.

Export reference: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) HTML/Text

Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:pen:papers:26-017

Access Statistics for this paper

More papers in PIER Working Paper Archive from Penn Institute for Economic Research, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania 133 South 36th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104. Contact information at EDIRC.
Bibliographic data for series maintained by Administrator ().