Should Malaysia Expand its Social Pension?: Global Evidence, Design Issues and Options

Philip O'Keefe and Gerton Rongen

No 204885, The Social Policy and Labor Discussion Paper Series from The World Bank

Abstract: This paper aims to assess the case for a significant expansion of social pension coverage in Malaysia in light of global and Malaysian experience. It first defines social pensions and their diverse objectives. It then looks at global patterns of social pension coverage, adequacy, and spending, highlighting the diverse design trade-offs taken by different countries, including Malaysia. A key takeaway is that the umbrella term “social pension” encompasses a diverse set of programs where design differences are as important as common features. Following the global benchmarking, there is a discussion of the global evidence on the impacts of social pensions on a range of social indicators, including poverty, health and well-being, labor market behavior, and indirect effects on non-beneficiary household members. It then discusses specific design issues that need to be taken into account when considering expansion of social pensions. This is followed by analysis of the potential impacts on inequality and poverty in Malaysia of different social pension reform scenarios, presenting evidence of their potential positive distributional impacts. The paper concludes with suggestions for reforms of Malaysia’s social pension.

Date: 2025-10-01
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