Assessing the nitrate vulnerability of shallow aquifers under Mediterranean climate conditions

Paolo Nasta, Giuliano Bonanomi, Jirka Šimůnek and Nunzio Romano

Agricultural Water Management, 2021, vol. 258, issue C

Abstract: The EU Nitrates Directive calls for urgent integration of process-oriented indicators of nitrate fate with map overlay approaches for assessing nitrate vulnerable zones (NVZs). In the region of Campania (southern Italy), groundwater contamination represents a serious concern because of the presence of intensive agricultural practices and livestock farming. A protocol was proposed to assess the probability distribution of the following three indicators of nitrate transport across the vadose zone: i) annual cumulative nitrate flux entering the shallow aquifer, ii) annual cumulative root nitrate uptake, and iii) nitrate transit time across the vadose zone. This method involves numerical simulations of soil water flow and solute transport using Hydrus-1D for a representative 10-m-thick soil profile beneath an irrigated maize plot located in a study area within the Sele plain, Campania. Two scenarios are built by running a set of one hundred (20-yr-long) simulations at a daily time resolution: i) 195 kg N ha-1 of nitrate fertilizer (urea) is applied annually to estimate the probability distributions of annual cumulative nitrate leaching and root nitrate uptake (Scenario 1), ii) 195 kg N ha-1 of nitrate fertilizer (urea) is applied once to estimate the nitrate transit time distribution across the soil profile (Scenario 2). In each Scenario, the simulations consider two agricultural practices with either one or three annual nitrate fertilizer applications subject to randomly generated climate forcing using a Monte Carlo approach. Variations in soil and rainfall properties are described by the Miller-Miller geometric similitude and the Poisson parameterization, respectively.

Keywords: Groundwater; Nitrate leaching; Root uptake; Transit time distribution (TTD); Hydrus-1D; HYPRES database; Campania (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2021
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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:eee:agiwat:v:258:y:2021:i:c:s0378377421004856

DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2021.107208

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