Classification of Oil Palm Fresh Fruit Bunches Based on Their Maturity Using Thermal Imaging Technique

Shahrzad Zolfagharnassab, Abdul Rashid Bin Mohamed Shariff (), Reza Ehsani, Hawa Ze Jaafar and Ishak Bin Aris
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Shahrzad Zolfagharnassab: Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
Abdul Rashid Bin Mohamed Shariff: Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
Reza Ehsani: Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of California, Merced (UC Merced), 5200 North Lake Rd., Merced, CA 95343, USA
Hawa Ze Jaafar: Department of Crop Science, Agriculture Faculty, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
Ishak Bin Aris: Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia

Agriculture, 2022, vol. 12, issue 11, 1-20

Abstract: The maturity of oil palm Fresh Fruit Bunches (FFB) is considered to be a significant factor that affects the profitability and salability of palm oil FFB. Typical methods of grading FFB consist of physical grading of fresh fruit, which is time-consuming and expensive, and the results are prone to human error. Therefore, this research attempts to formulate a thermal imaging method to indicate the precise maturity of oil palm fruits. A total of 297 oil palm FFBs were collected. The samples were divided into three groups: under-ripe, ripe, and over-ripe. Afterward, all the samples were scanned using a thermal imaging camera to calculate the real temperature of each sample. In order to normalize the measurement, the difference between the average temperature of the palm bunch and the ambient temperature (∆Temp) was considered as the main parameter. The results indicated that the mean ∆Temp of oil palm FFBs decreased consistently from under-ripe to over-ripe. The results of the ANOVA test demonstrated that the observed significance value was less than 0.05 in terms of ∆Temp, so there is a statistically significant difference in the means of all three maturity categories. It can be concluded that ∆Temp is a reliable index to classify the FFBs of oil palm. The classification analysis was conducted using the ∆Temp of the FFBs and its application as an index in Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), Mahalanobis Discriminant Analysis (MDA), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), and Kernel Nearest Neighbor (KNN). The highest degrees of overall accuracy (99.1% and 92.5%) were obtained through the ANN method. This study concludes that thermal images can be used as an index of oil palm maturity classification.

Keywords: artificial neural network (ANN); principal component analysis (PCA); oil palm fresh fruit bunches; thermal imaging (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q1 Q10 Q11 Q12 Q13 Q14 Q15 Q16 Q17 Q18 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (1)

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