Can Agroforestry Contribute to Food and Livelihood Security for Indonesia’s Smallholders in the Climate Change Era?

Aris Sudomo (), Budi Leksono, Hesti Lestari Tata, Anita Apriliani Dwi Rahayu, Aziz Umroni, Heny Rianawati, Asmaliyah, Krisnawati, Ali Setyayudi, Marcellinus Mandira Budi Utomo, Levina Augusta Geraldine Pieter, Arini Wresta, Yonky Indrajaya, Syed Ajijur Rahman and Himlal Baral
Additional contact information
Aris Sudomo: Research Center for Plant Conservation, Botanic Gardens, and Forestry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jalan Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km 46, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia
Budi Leksono: Research Center for Plant Conservation, Botanic Gardens, and Forestry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jalan Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km 46, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia
Hesti Lestari Tata: Research Center for Ecology and Ethnobiology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jalan Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km 46, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia
Anita Apriliani Dwi Rahayu: Research Center for Plant Conservation, Botanic Gardens, and Forestry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jalan Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km 46, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia
Aziz Umroni: Research Center for Plant Conservation, Botanic Gardens, and Forestry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jalan Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km 46, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia
Heny Rianawati: Research Center for Plant Conservation, Botanic Gardens, and Forestry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jalan Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km 46, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia
Asmaliyah: Research Center for Plant Conservation, Botanic Gardens, and Forestry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jalan Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km 46, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia
Krisnawati: Research Center for Plant Conservation, Botanic Gardens, and Forestry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jalan Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km 46, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia
Ali Setyayudi: Research Center for Plant Conservation, Botanic Gardens, and Forestry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jalan Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km 46, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia
Marcellinus Mandira Budi Utomo: Research Center for Society and Culture, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl. Gatot Subroto No. Kav 10, Jakarta 12710, Indonesia
Levina Augusta Geraldine Pieter: Research Center for Society and Culture, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl. Gatot Subroto No. Kav 10, Jakarta 12710, Indonesia
Arini Wresta: Research Center for Environmental and Clean Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bandung 40135, Indonesia
Yonky Indrajaya: Research Center for Ecology and Ethnobiology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jalan Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km 46, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia
Syed Ajijur Rahman: Institute of Ecology and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
Himlal Baral: Center for International Forestry Research and World Agroforestry (CIFOR-ICRAF), Bogor 16115, Indonesia

Agriculture, 2023, vol. 13, issue 10, 1-25

Abstract: In Indonesia, smallholders have historically practiced agroforestry, which warrants examination in terms of food and livelihood security within sustainable community forest frameworks. Based on a literature review, we analyzed these two forms of security related to smallholder agroforestry practices. Findings indicate diverse agroforestry systems, with 88% focusing on non-timber forest products (NTFPs) and 12% on timber. While 42% prioritize direct food supply, 58% emphasize income generation through product sales. However, agroforestry that does not produce food for direct consumption by smallholders generates revenue for purchasing food necessities. Agroforestry supports both food needs (46–61%) and income (51–54%) for smallholders, surpassing traditional agriculture (13%). Semi-commercial agroforestry (57%) is a predominant livelihood prospect. The remaining 27% are purely subsistence, and 15% are purely commercial. However, the commercialization of agroforestry that focuses only on high-value commodities results in a negative impact on biodiversity. There is a concomitant decrease in environmental services for climate change mitigation and adaptation. Biodiversity remains crucial for climate resilience, health care, and food security in rural communities. Semi-commercial agroforestry is a midpoint for achieving multifunctional agriculture (biodiversity, soil and water conservation, food security, and income) in the climate change era. The research directly related to food security and ecosystem services quantification remains limited, necessitating further investigation. Policy support and incentives are essential for smallholders practicing complex agroforestry for climate adaptation and mitigation.

Keywords: agroforestry; sustainability; subsistence; commercialization; community forestry (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q1 Q10 Q11 Q12 Q13 Q14 Q15 Q16 Q17 Q18 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2023
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (1)

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