Mycotoxins and Other Secondary Metabolites Are Produced by Gnomoniopsis smithogilvyi When Confronted with Biological and Chemical Control Agents

Micaela Álvarez, Isadora Agostini, Sofia Silva, Rosangela Dallemole-Giaretta, Michael Sulyok, Ana Sampaio and Paula Rodrigues ()
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Micaela Álvarez: Higiene y Seguridad Alimentaria, Instituto Universitario de Investigación de Carne y Productos Cárnicos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. de las Ciencias s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
Isadora Agostini: Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
Sofia Silva: Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
Rosangela Dallemole-Giaretta: Campus de Pato Branco, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), Pato Branco 85503-390, Brazil
Michael Sulyok: Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 3430 Vienna, Austria
Ana Sampaio: Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
Paula Rodrigues: Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal

Agriculture, 2023, vol. 13, issue 6, 1-13

Abstract: Gnomoniopsis smithogilvyi (Gs) is a relevant pathogen of chestnut since it provokes significant losses worldwide. The aim of this study was to screen the effect of a new biocontrol agent (BCA) against Gs isolated from chestnut (CIMO-BCA1) on the mould’s growth as well as on the production of secondary metabolites. The chemical fungicide Horizon ® (tebuconazole; HOR) and the commercial biofungicide Serenade ® ASO ( Bacillus amyloliquefaciens QST 713; ASO) were also tested. Three concentrations of each antifungal (HOR, ASO, and CIMO-BCA1) were faced with Gs in the growth study in a chestnut-based medium. The intermediate concentrations were used for the analyses of metabolites by LC-MS/MS. CIMO-BCA1 was also identified as B. amyloliquefaciens . All agents reduced the mould’s growth, and the CIMO-BCA1 treatment with an intermediate concentration was the most effective. The metabolite analysis revealed, for the first time, the production of two mycotoxins by Gs, including 3-nitropropionic acid and diplodiatoxin. Additionally, HOR stimulated the production of diplodiatoxin. In conclusion, Gs could present a health risk for consumers. B. amyloliquefaciens strains effectively decreased the mould’s growth, but they must be applied at effective concentrations or in combination with other strategies to completely reduce the hazard.

Keywords: fungicides; growth; metabolites; 3-nitropropionic acid; diplodiatoxin (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q1 Q10 Q11 Q12 Q13 Q14 Q15 Q16 Q17 Q18 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2023
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