Details about William Robert Emmons

Workplace:

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, (more information at EDIRC)

Access statistics for papers by William Robert Emmons.

Last updated 2024-03-27. Update your information in the RePEc Author Service.

Short-id: pem7

---

Jump to Journal Articles Chapters

Working Papers

2022

1. Have Fed Asset Purchases Reshaped Bank Balance Sheets? Part 1
   On the Economy, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2. Have Fed Asset Purchases Reshaped Bank Balance Sheets? Part 2
   On the Economy, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2021

3. Americans Born after 1985 Bear the Brunt of Lower Employment
   On the Economy, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
4. Denver Leads U.S. Metros in Rising Housing Valuations in Past 30 Years
   On the Economy, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
5. Do College Degrees Mean More Wealth?
   On the Economy, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
6. High Housing Valuations Move Inland
   On the Economy, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
7. House Prices Surpass Housing-Bubble Peak on One Key Measure of Value
   On the Economy, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
8. How Many People Doubled Up after Losing Housing in Aftermath of Past Recessions?
   On the Economy, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
9. Is College an Engine of Inequality?
   On the Economy, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
10. Mortgage Distress during the Great Recession
    On the Economy, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
11. Older Workers Accounted for All Net Employment Growth in Past 20 Years
    On the Economy, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
12. Slow, Steady Decline in the Number of U.S. Banks Continues
    On the Economy, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
13. The Great Recession’s Impact on Homeownership
    On the Economy, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
14. U.S. Population Growth Slowed Further in 2020
    On the Economy, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
15. What Is Causing the College Premium to Shrink?
    On the Economy, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2020

16. Mortgage Rates Not Matching Declines in Treasury Yields
    On the Economy, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
17. The Real State of Family Wealth: Will COVID-19 Worsen Racial, Educational and Generational Gaps in the U.S.?
    On the Economy, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2006

18. Relationship loans and regulatory capital: why fair-value accounting is inappropriate for bank loans
    Supervisory Policy Analysis Working Papers, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2005

19. Consumer-finance myths and other obstacles to financial literacy
    Supervisory Policy Analysis Working Papers, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis View citations (4)

2004

20. Executive compensation at Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac
    Supervisory Policy Analysis Working Papers, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis View citations (1)
21. Monetary policy actions and the incentive to invest
    Supervisory Policy Analysis Working Papers, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis View citations (7)
    Also in Working Papers, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (2004) View citations (7)
22. When for-profits and not-for-profits compete: theory and empirical evidence from retail banking
    Working Papers, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis View citations (2)
    Also in Supervisory Policy Analysis Working Papers, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (2004) View citations (2)

2002

23. Banks vs. credit unions: dynamic competition in local markets
    Supervisory Policy Analysis Working Papers, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
    Also in Working Papers, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (2000) View citations (7)
24. Cracks in the facade: American economic and financial structures after the boom
    Working Papers, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
    See also Chapter Cracks in the façade: American economic and financial structures after the boom, Chapters, Edward Elgar Publishing (2003) (2003)
25. Scale economies and geographic diversification as forces driving community bank mergers
    Supervisory Policy Analysis Working Papers, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis View citations (2)
26. The impact of alternative bank monitoring policies on corporate investment and financing decisions
    Supervisory Policy Analysis Working Papers, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2001

27. Corporate governance, entrenched labor, and economic growth
    Working Papers, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis View citations (1)
28. The importance of scale economies and geographic diversification in community bank mergers
    Working Papers, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis View citations (5)
29. Who pays for credit cards?
    Occasional Paper; Emerging Payments, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago View citations (30)

2000

30. Pricing and dividend policies in open credit cooperatives
    Working Papers, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
    See also Journal Article Pricing and Dividend Policies in Open Credit Cooperatives, Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics (JITE), Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen (2002) View citations (9) (2002)

1999

31. Corporate governance and corporate performance
    Working Papers, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis View citations (3)
    See also Chapter Corporate governance and corporate performance, Chapters, Edward Elgar Publishing (2000) (2000)

1998

32. Credit unions and the common bond
    CFS Working Paper Series, Center for Financial Studies (CFS) View citations (10)
    See also Journal Article Credit unions and the common bond, Review, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (1999) View citations (15) (1999)
33. Universal banking, allocation of control rights, and corporate finance in Germany
    Working Papers, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis View citations (10)

1997

34. Conflict of interest between borrowers and lenders in credit co- operatives: the case of German co-operative banks
    Working Papers, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis View citations (16)

1995

35. Interbank netting agreement and the distribution of bank default risk
    Working Papers, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis View citations (13)

1993

36. Increased risk-taking versus local economic conditions as causes of bank failures
    Proceedings, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago View citations (5)

Journal Articles

2023

1. Mary Childs: The bond king—how one man made a market, built an empire, and lost it all
   Business Economics, 2023, 58, (3), 176-177

2022

2. Measuring the Fed’s Monetary Policy Stance during COVID-19
   The Regional Economist, 2022
3. Was the Paycheck Protection Program Effective?
   The Regional Economist, 2022

2021

4. Measuring Household Distress and Potential Policy Impacts
   Economic Synopses, 2021, (3), 1-3

2020

5. Responses of International Central Banks to the COVID-19 Crisis
   Review, 2020, 102, (4), 338-384 View citations (11)
6. Why are Eighth District Populations Growing More Slowly than the Rest of the U.S.?
   Bridges, 2020

2019

7. First-Generation College Graduates Get a Financial Boost, but Don’t Catch Up
   In the Balance, 2019, (25), 1-8
8. Is College Still Worth It? The New Calculus of Falling Returns
   Review, 2019, 101, (4), 297-329 View citations (5)

2017

9. College Inadvertently Increases Racial and Ethnic Disparity in Income and Wealth
   In the Balance, 2017, (16), 1-3
10. College Is Not Enough: Higher Education Does Not Eliminate Racial and Ethnic Wealth Gaps
    Review, 2017, 99, (1) View citations (12)
11. Does College Level the Playing Field?
    Bridges, 2017, (Spring)
12. Household Wealth is at a Post-WWII High: Should We Celebrate or Worry?
    In the Balance, 2017, (17), 1-3 View citations (1)

2016

13. Choosing to Fail or Lack of Choice? The Demographics of Loan Delinquency
    In the Balance, 2016, (15), 1-3 View citations (1)
14. The Demographics of Wealth - How Age, Education and Race Separate Thrivers from Strugglers in Today's Economy. Essay No. 3: Age, Birth Year and Wealth
    Demographics of Wealth, 2016, (3), 1-28
15. Unequal Degrees of Affluence: Racial and Ethnic Wealth Differences across Education Levels
    The Regional Economist, 2016, (October) View citations (1)

2015

16. A Balance Sheet Perspective on Financial Success: Why Starting Early Matters
    Journal of Consumer Affairs, 2015, 49, (1), 267-298 View citations (3)
17. The Demographics of Wealth - How Age, Education and Race Separate Thrivers from Strugglers in Today's Economy. Essay No. 1: Race, Ethnicity and Wealth
    Demographics of Wealth, 2015, (1), 1-24 View citations (8)
18. The Demographics of Wealth - How Age, Education and Race Separate Thrivers from Strugglers in Today's Economy. Essay No. 2: The Role of Education
    Demographics of Wealth, 2015, (2), 1-28 View citations (11)
19. The Importance of Wealth is Growing
    In the Balance, 2015, (13), 1-3 View citations (2)
20. The Middle Class May Be Under More Pressure Than You Think
    In the Balance, 2015, (11), 1-4 View citations (2)
21. Why Didn't Higher Education Protect Hispanic and Black Wealth?
    In the Balance, 2015, (12), 1-3 View citations (3)

2014

22. Asset Diversification and Low Debt Are the Keys to Building and Maintaining Wealth
    Cascade, 2014, 1
23. Despite aggressive deleveraging, generation X remains \\"generation debt\\"
    In the Balance, 2014, (9), 1-3
24. Five Simple Questions That Reveal Your Financial Health and Wealth
    In the Balance, 2014, (10), 1-3 View citations (3)
25. Hispanic population's share of wealth likely to increase by 2025
    In the Balance, 2014, (8), 1-4
26. Housing crash continues to overshadow young families' balance sheets
    In the Balance, 2014, (7), 1-6 View citations (2)

2013

27. Economic vulnerability and financial fragility
    Review, 2013, (Sep), 361-388 View citations (6)
28. Housing rebound broadens the wealth recovery but much more is needed
    In the Balance, 2013, (5), 1-4
29. Mortgage borrowing: the boom and bust
    The Regional Economist, 2013 View citations (1)
30. Still digging out: real net worth per household has rebounded 63 percent since hitting bottom in early 2009
    In the Balance, 2013, (4)
31. The nation's wealth recovery since 2009 conceals vastly different balance-sheet realities among America's families
    In the Balance, 2013, (3), 1-2 View citations (1)
32. Wealth recovery still not complete, remains uneven across families and locations
    In the Balance, 2013, (6), 1-2
33. Why did young families lose so much wealth during the crisis? the role of homeownership
    Review, 2013, (Jan), 1-26 View citations (8)

2012

34. After the fall: rebuilding family balance sheets, rebuilding the economy
    Annual Report, 2012, 4-15 View citations (3)
35. Don't expect consumer spending to be the engine of economic growth it once was
    The Regional Economist, 2012 View citations (3)
36. Household financial stability: who suffered the most from the crisis?
    The Regional Economist, 2012, (Jul) View citations (9)
37. Shifting fortunes: wealth trends in the Federal Reserve’s survey of consumer finances
    In the Balance, 2012, (1)
38. Unsteady progress: income trends in the Federal Reserve's survey of consumer finances
    In the Balance, 2012, (2)
39. Where housing markets lead in 2012, Eighth District economies are likely to follow
    Central Banker, 2012, (Spr)

2011

40. Economic focus: unlike prior decades, house-price changes in largest District cities are following national trends
    Central Banker, 2011, (Fall)
41. Questions about the budget deficit of the U.S. have no easy answers
    The Regional Economist, 2011, (Oct), 6-7
42. Real estate loans remain a critical part of Eighth District bank portfolios
    Central Banker, 2011, (Summer)
43. The foreclosure crisis in 2008: predatory lending or household overreaching?
    The Regional Economist, 2011, (July), 12-14 View citations (1)

2010

44. Economic hangover: recovery is likely to be prolonged, painful
    The Regional Economist, 2010, (Apr), 4-9 View citations (1)

2009

45. Housing's great fall: putting household balance sheets together again
    The Regional Economist, 2009, (Oct), 14-15

2008

46. The mortgage crisis: let markets work, but compensate the truly needy
    The Regional Economist, 2008, (Jul), 10-16 View citations (1)

2007

47. What is subprime lending?
    Monetary Trends, 2007, (Jun) View citations (5)
48. Why do gasoline prices react to things that have not happened?
    The Regional Economist, 2007, (Jul), 10-11

2006

49. As household asset values rise, should we still worry about the saving rate?
    The Regional Economist, 2006, (Jul), 10-11 View citations (3)
50. Editor's introduction
    Review, 2006, 88, (Jul), 221-234
51. What are the odds? option-based forecasts of FOMC target changes
    Review, 2006, 88, (Nov), 543-562 View citations (13)

2005

52. Basel II will trickle down to community bankers, consumers
    The Regional Economist, 2005, (Apr), 12-13 View citations (2)
53. Cash-out refinancing: check it out carefully
    The Regional Economist, 2005, (Jul), 10-11

2004

54. Reducing the Risk at Small Community Banks: Is it Size or Geographic Diversification that Matters?*
    Journal of Financial Services Research, 2004, 25, (2), 259-281 View citations (48)
55. The housing giants in plain view
    The Regional Economist, 2004, (Jul), 4-9 View citations (1)

2003

56. Credit unions make friends-but not with bankers
    The Regional Economist, 2003, (Oct), 4-9

2002

57. An imperfect crystal ball
    The Regional Economist, 2002, (Jan.), 10-11 View citations (4)
58. Asset mispricing, arbitrage, and volatility
    Review, 2002, 84, (Nov), 19-28 View citations (1)
59. Pricing and Dividend Policies in Open Credit Cooperatives
    Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics (JITE), 2002, 158, (2), 234-255 View citations (9)
    See also Working Paper Pricing and dividend policies in open credit cooperatives, Working Papers (2000) (2000)

2001

60. A third pillar of bank supervision
    The Regional Economist, 2001, (Oct), 4-9 View citations (1)
61. Expectations and fundamentals
    Monetary Trends, 2001, (Jul)
62. Membership structure, competition, and occupational credit union deposit rates
    Review, 2001, 83, (Jan), 41-50 View citations (1)

2000

63. Bank competition and concentration: do credit unions matter?
    Review, 2000, 82, (May), 29-42 View citations (27)
64. CBOs growth outlook
    National Economic Trends, 2000, (Nov)
65. Inflation, exchange rates, and oil prices
    International Economic Trends, 2000, (Nov)
66. The Asian crisis and the exposure of large U.S. firms
    Review, 2000, 82, (Jan), 15-34 View citations (6)
67. The information content of Treasury inflation-indexed securities
    Review, 2000, 82, (Nov), 25-38 View citations (11)
68. Whats behind the falling U.S. private savings rate?
    National Economic Trends, 2000, (Aug)

1999

69. Convergence in the Euro-zone?
    Monetary Trends, 1999, (Oct)
70. Credit unions and the common bond
    Review, 1999, 81, (Sep), 41-64 View citations (15)
    See also Working Paper Credit unions and the common bond, CFS Working Paper Series (1998) View citations (10) (1998)
71. Wages and risk-taking in occupational credit unions: theory and evidence
    Review, 1999, (Mar), 13-32 View citations (9)
72. What can \"buy-and-hold\" stock investors expect?
    Monetary Trends, 1999, (Jun)

1998

73. Is household debt too high?
    Monetary Trends, 1998, (Dec)
74. The current P/E ratio: higher than you think
    Monetary Trends, 1998, (Jun)
75. Universal banking, control rights, and corporate finance in Germany
    Review, 1998, (Jul), 19-42 View citations (25)

1997

76. Recent developments in wholesale payments systems
    Review, 1997, (Nov), 23-43 View citations (10)

1996

77. Price stability and the efficiency of the retail payments system
    Review, 1996, (Sep), 49-61 View citations (4)

Chapters

2003

1. Cracks in the façade: American economic and financial structures after the boom
   Chapter 7 in The Structural Foundations of International Finance, 2003
   See also Working Paper Cracks in the facade: American economic and financial structures after the boom, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (2002) (2002)
2. The US policy mix and corporate strategies
   Chapter 6 in Alliance Capitalism for the New American Economy, 2003

2002

3. Mergers and acquisitions in globalizing Europe
   Chapter 4 in Globalizing Europe, 2002, pp 101-124 View citations (1)

2000

4. Corporate governance and corporate performance
   Chapter 2 in Corporate Governance and Globalization, 2000, pp 59-94
   See also Working Paper Corporate governance and corporate performance, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (1999) View citations (3) (1999)