Details about Carl Shapiro

Homepage:	http://faculty.haas.berkeley.edu/shapiro/
Workplace:	Walter A. Haas School of Business, University of California-Berkeley, (more information at EDIRC)

Access statistics for papers by Carl Shapiro.

Last updated 2024-07-31. Update your information in the RePEc Author Service.

Short-id: psh275

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Working Papers

2024

1. Trends in Competition in the United States: What Does the Evidence Show?
   NBER Working Papers, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc View citations (1)

2019

2. Antitrust and Innovation: Welcoming and Protecting Disruption
   NBER Working Papers, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc View citations (10)
   See also Journal Article Antitrust and Innovation: Welcoming and Protecting Disruption, Innovation Policy and the Economy, University of Chicago Press (2020) View citations (20) (2020)
   Chapter Antitrust and Innovation: Welcoming and Protecting Disruption, NBER Chapters, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc (2019) View citations (10) (2019)

2015

3. Patent Assertions: Are We Any Closer to Aligning Reward to Contribution?
   NBER Working Papers, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc
   See also Journal Article Patent Assertions: Are We Any Closer to Aligning Reward to Contribution?, Innovation Policy and the Economy, University of Chicago Press (2016) View citations (13) (2016)
   Chapter Patent Assertions: Are We Any Closer to Aligning Reward to Contribution?, NBER Chapters, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc (2015) (2015)

2008

4. Antitrust Evaluation of Horizontal Mergers: An Economic Alternative to Market Definition
   Department of Economics, Working Paper Series, Department of Economics, Institute for Business and Economic Research, UC Berkeley View citations (7)
   Also in Competition Policy Center, Working Paper Series, Competition Policy Center, Institute for Business and Economic Research, UC Berkeley (2008) View citations (7)
   See also Journal Article Antitrust Evaluation of Horizontal Mergers: An Economic Alternative to Market Definition, The B.E. Journal of Theoretical Economics, De Gruyter (2010) View citations (205) (2010)

2007

5. Antitrust
   NBER Working Papers, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc View citations (1)
   Also in Competition Policy Center, Working Paper Series, Competition Policy Center, Institute for Business and Economic Research, UC Berkeley (2007) View citations (3)
   See also Chapter Antitrust, Handbook of Law and Economics, Elsevier (2007) (2007)
6. How Strong Are Weak Patents?
   Competition Policy Center, Working Paper Series, Competition Policy Center, Institute for Business and Economic Research, UC Berkeley View citations (5)
   See also Journal Article How Strong Are Weak Patents?, American Economic Review, American Economic Association (2008) View citations (172) (2008)
7. Improving Critical Loss Analysis
   Competition Policy Center, Working Paper Series, Competition Policy Center, Institute for Business and Economic Research, UC Berkeley View citations (1)
8. Patent Hold-Up and Royalty Stacking
   Competition Policy Center, Working Paper Series, Competition Policy Center, Institute for Business and Economic Research, UC Berkeley View citations (89)
9. Patent Reform: Aligning Reward and Contribution
   Competition Policy Center, Working Paper Series, Competition Policy Center, Institute for Business and Economic Research, UC Berkeley View citations (32)
   Also in NBER Working Papers, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc (2007) View citations (34)
   See also Chapter Patent Reform: Aligning Reward and Contribution, NBER Chapters, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc (2008) View citations (11) (2008)
10. Reinvigorating Horizontal Merger Enforcement
    Competition Policy Center, Working Paper Series, Competition Policy Center, Institute for Business and Economic Research, UC Berkeley View citations (3)

2006

11. Injunctions, Hold-Up, and Patent Royalties
    Competition Policy Center, Working Paper Series, Competition Policy Center, Institute for Business and Economic Research, UC Berkeley View citations (9)

2005

12. Prior User Rights
    Competition Policy Center, Working Paper Series, Competition Policy Center, Institute for Business and Economic Research, UC Berkeley View citations (1)
    See also Journal Article Prior User Rights, American Economic Review, American Economic Association (2006) View citations (18) (2006)

2004

13. Competition Policy and Innovation
    Levine's Working Paper Archive, David K. Levine View citations (1)
    Also in OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers, OECD Publishing (2002) View citations (17)
14. Intellectual Property, Competition, and Information Technology
    Competition Policy Center, Working Paper Series, Competition Policy Center, Institute for Business and Economic Research, UC Berkeley View citations (7)
15. Navigating the Patent Thicket: Cross Licenses, Patent Pools and Standard Setting
    Levine's Working Paper Archive, David K. Levine View citations (10)
    Also in Competition Policy Center, Working Paper Series, Competition Policy Center, Institute for Business and Economic Research, UC Berkeley (2000) View citations (93)
    Law and Economics, University Library of Munich, Germany (2003) View citations (2)
    See also Chapter Navigating the Patent Thicket: Cross Licenses, Patent Pools, and Standard Setting, NBER Chapters, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc (2001) View citations (428) (2001)
16. Probabilistic Patents
    Competition Policy Center, Working Paper Series, Competition Policy Center, Institute for Business and Economic Research, UC Berkeley View citations (7)
    See also Journal Article Probabilistic Patents, Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association (2005) View citations (264) (2005)

2003

17. Antitrust Limits to Patent Settlements
    Law and Economics, University Library of Munich, Germany View citations (93)
    Also in Competition Policy Center, Working Paper Series, Competition Policy Center, Institute for Business and Economic Research, UC Berkeley (2001) View citations (3)
    See also Journal Article Antitrust Limits to Patent Settlements, RAND Journal of Economics, The RAND Corporation (2003) View citations (95) (2003)
18. Antitrust Policy During the Clinton Administration
    Law and Economics, University Library of Munich, Germany View citations (2)
    Also in Competition Policy Center, Working Paper Series, Competition Policy Center, Institute for Business and Economic Research, UC Berkeley (2001) View citations (1)
19. Antitrust Policy: A Century of Economic and Legal Thinking
    Law and Economics, University Library of Munich, Germany
    Also in Competition Policy Center, Working Paper Series, Competition Policy Center, Institute for Business and Economic Research, UC Berkeley (1999) View citations (3)
    See also Journal Article Antitrust Policy: A Century of Economic and Legal Thinking, Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association (2000) View citations (69) (2000)
20. The FTC's Challenge to Intel's Cross-Licensing Practices
    Development and Comp Systems, University Library of Munich, Germany
    Also in Competition Policy Center, Working Paper Series, Competition Policy Center, Institute for Business and Economic Research, UC Berkeley (2002)

2002

21. The BP Amoco/ARCO Merger: Alaskan Crude Oil
    Research Papers, Stanford University, Graduate School of Business View citations (1)

2001

22. Scale Economies and Synergies in Horizontal Merger Analysis
    Industrial Organization, University Library of Munich, Germany View citations (74)
    Also in Competition Policy Center, Working Paper Series, Competition Policy Center, Institute for Business and Economic Research, UC Berkeley (2000) View citations (12)
    Economics Working Papers, University of California at Berkeley (2000) View citations (10)
    Department of Economics, Working Paper Series, Department of Economics, Institute for Business and Economic Research, UC Berkeley (2000) View citations (12)

1990

23. ECONOMIC RATIONALES FOR THE SCOPE OF PRIVATIZATION
    Working Papers, Princeton, Woodrow Wilson School - Discussion Paper View citations (179)

1989

24. Optimal Patent Length and Breadth
    Economics Working Papers, University of California at Berkeley View citations (1)
    Also in Working Papers, Princeton, Woodrow Wilson School - Discussion Paper (1988) View citations (8)
    See also Journal Article Optimal Patent Length and Breadth, RAND Journal of Economics, The RAND Corporation (1990) View citations (382) (1990)
25. patents, technical change, antitrust
    Department of Economics, Working Paper Series, Department of Economics, Institute for Business and Economic Research, UC Berkeley

1988

26. Dynamic Competition with Switching Costs
    Economics Working Papers, University of California at Berkeley View citations (190)
    Also in Department of Economics, Working Paper Series, Department of Economics, Institute for Business and Economic Research, UC Berkeley (1988) View citations (189)
    See also Journal Article Dynamic Competition with Switching Costs, RAND Journal of Economics, The RAND Corporation (1988) View citations (189) (1988)
27. HORIZONTAL MERGERS: AN EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS
    Working Papers, Princeton, Woodrow Wilson School - Discussion Paper View citations (6)
    Also in Department of Economics, Working Paper Series, Department of Economics, Institute for Business and Economic Research, UC Berkeley (1988) View citations (3)
    Economics Working Papers, University of California at Berkeley (1988) View citations (3)
    See also Journal Article Horizontal Mergers: An Equilibrium Analysis, American Economic Review, American Economic Association (1990) View citations (807) (1990)
28. MANUAL FOR GOG
    Working Papers, Princeton, Department of Economics - Financial Research Center

1987

29. Dynamic Competition with Lock-In
    Economics Working Papers, University of California at Berkeley View citations (2)
    Also in Department of Economics, Working Paper Series, Department of Economics, Institute for Business and Economic Research, UC Berkeley (1986)
30. Optimal Contracts with Lock-In
    Department of Economics, Working Paper Series, Department of Economics, Institute for Business and Economic Research, UC Berkeley View citations (1)
    Also in Economics Working Papers, University of California at Berkeley (1987) View citations (2)
    See also Journal Article Optimal Contracts with Lock-In, American Economic Review, American Economic Association (1989) View citations (42) (1989)

1986

31. Counterfeit-Product Trade
    NBER Working Papers, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc View citations (15)
    See also Journal Article Counterfeit-Product Trade, American Economic Review, American Economic Association (1988) View citations (71) (1988)
32. Foreign Counterfeiting of Status Goods
    NBER Working Papers, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc View citations (36)
    See also Journal Article Foreign Counterfeiting of Status Goods, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College (1988) View citations (141) (1988)

1985

33. Dynamic R&D Competition
    NBER Working Papers, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc View citations (2)
    See also Journal Article Dynamic R&D Competition, Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society (1987) View citations (79) (1987)
34. Optimal Dynamic R&D Programs
    NBER Working Papers, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc View citations (2)
    See also Journal Article Optimal Dynamic R&D Programs, RAND Journal of Economics, The RAND Corporation (1986) View citations (43) (1986)

1983

35. Advances in Supervision Technology and Economic Welfare: A General Equilibrium Analysis
    Working Papers, C.V. Starr Center for Applied Economics, New York University
    See also Journal Article Advances in supervision technology and economic welfare: a general equilibrium analysis, Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier (1984) View citations (4) (1984)

Journal Articles

2021

1. Judicial Response to the 2010 Horizontal Merger Guidelines
   Review of Industrial Organization, 2021, 58, (1), 51-79 View citations (5)
2. The 2010 Horizontal Merger Guidelines After 10 Years
   Review of Industrial Organization, 2021, 58, (1), 1-11
3. Vertical Mergers and Input Foreclosure Lessons from the AT&T/Time Warner Case
   Review of Industrial Organization, 2021, 59, (2), 303-341 View citations (8)

2020

4. Antitrust and Innovation: Welcoming and Protecting Disruption
   Innovation Policy and the Economy, 2020, 20, (1), 125 - 190 View citations (20)
   See also Working Paper Antitrust and Innovation: Welcoming and Protecting Disruption, NBER Working Papers (2019) View citations (10) (2019)
   Chapter Antitrust and Innovation: Welcoming and Protecting Disruption, NBER Chapters, 2019, 125-190 (2019) View citations (10) (2019)

2019

5. Protecting Competition in the American Economy: Merger Control, Tech Titans, Labor Markets
   Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2019, 33, (3), 69-93 View citations (59)

2018

6. Antitrust in a time of populism
   International Journal of Industrial Organization, 2018, 61, (C), 714-748 View citations (52)

2016

7. Patent Assertions: Are We Any Closer to Aligning Reward to Contribution?
   Innovation Policy and the Economy, 2016, 16, (1), 89 - 133 View citations (13)
   See also Working Paper Patent Assertions: Are We Any Closer to Aligning Reward to Contribution?, NBER Working Papers (2015) (2015)
   Chapter Patent Assertions: Are We Any Closer to Aligning Reward to Contribution?, NBER Chapters, 2015, 89-133 (2015) (2015)
8. Patent Remedies
   American Economic Review, 2016, 106, (5), 198-202 View citations (7)

2010

9. Antitrust Evaluation of Horizontal Mergers: An Economic Alternative to Market Definition
   The B.E. Journal of Theoretical Economics, 2010, 10, (1), 41 View citations (205)
   See also Working Paper Antitrust Evaluation of Horizontal Mergers: An Economic Alternative to Market Definition, Department of Economics, Working Paper Series (2008) View citations (7) (2008)
10. Injunctions, Hold-Up, and Patent Royalties-super-1
    American Law and Economics Review, 2010, 12, (2), 509-557 View citations (25)
11. The Year in Review: Economics at the Antitrust Division, 2009–2010
    Review of Industrial Organization, 2010, 37, (4), 291-307 View citations (2)
12. Upward Pricing Pressure in Horizontal Merger Analysis: Reply to Epstein and Rubinfeld
    The B.E. Journal of Theoretical Economics, 2010, 10, (1), 1-9 View citations (5)

2009

13. The Year in Review: Economics at the Antitrust Division, 2008–2009
    Review of Industrial Organization, 2009, 35, (4), 349-367 View citations (13)

2008

14. How Strong Are Weak Patents?
    American Economic Review, 2008, 98, (4), 1347-69 View citations (172)
    See also Working Paper How Strong Are Weak Patents?, Competition Policy Center, Working Paper Series (2007) View citations (5) (2007)

2006

15. Prior User Rights
    American Economic Review, 2006, 96, (2), 92-96 View citations (18)
    See also Working Paper Prior User Rights, Competition Policy Center, Working Paper Series (2005) View citations (1) (2005)

2005

16. Probabilistic Patents
    Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2005, 19, (2), 75-98 View citations (264)
    See also Working Paper Probabilistic Patents, Competition Policy Center, Working Paper Series (2004) View citations (7) (2004)

2003

17. Antitrust Limits to Patent Settlements
    RAND Journal of Economics, 2003, 34, (2), 391-411 View citations (95)
    See also Working Paper Antitrust Limits to Patent Settlements, Law and Economics (2003) View citations (93) (2003)
18. Rohlfs, J. H.: Bandwagon Effects in High-Technology Industries
    Journal of Economics, 2003, 80, (3), 287-292

2000

19. Antitrust Policy: A Century of Economic and Legal Thinking
    Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2000, 14, (1), 43-60 View citations (69)
    See also Working Paper Antitrust Policy: A Century of Economic and Legal Thinking, Law and Economics (2003) (2003)
20. Simulating Partial Asset Divestitures to 'Fix' Mergers
    International Journal of the Economics of Business, 2000, 7, (2), 179-200 View citations (7)

1997

21. Antitrust Issues in the Licensing of Intellectual Property: The Nine No-No's Meet the Nineties
    Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1997, 28, (1997 Microeconomics), 283-349 View citations (29)

1994

22. Systems Competition and Network Effects
    Journal of Economic Perspectives, 1994, 8, (2), 93-115 View citations (633)

1992

23. Product Introduction with Network Externalities
    Journal of Industrial Economics, 1992, 40, (1), 55-83 View citations (192)
24. Standard Setting in High-Definition Television
    Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1992, 23, (1992 Microeconomics), 1-93 View citations (21)

1991

25. Horizontal Mergers: Reply
    American Economic Review, 1991, 81, (4), 1007-11 View citations (6)
26. Symposium on the Economics of Liability
    Journal of Economic Perspectives, 1991, 5, (3), 3-10 View citations (10)

1990

27. Asset Ownership and Market Structure in Oligopoly
    RAND Journal of Economics, 1990, 21, (2), 275-292 View citations (154)
28. Horizontal Mergers: An Equilibrium Analysis
    American Economic Review, 1990, 80, (1), 107-26 View citations (807)
    See also Working Paper HORIZONTAL MERGERS: AN EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS, Working Papers (1988) View citations (6) (1988)
29. On the Antitrust Treatment of Production Joint Ventures
    Journal of Economic Perspectives, 1990, 4, (3), 113-30 View citations (83)
30. Optimal Patent Length and Breadth
    RAND Journal of Economics, 1990, 21, (1), 106-112 View citations (382)
    See also Working Paper Optimal Patent Length and Breadth, Economics Working Papers (1989) View citations (1) (1989)

1989

31. Market Power and Mergers in Durable-Good Industries: Comment
    Journal of Law and Economics, 1989, 32, (2), S227-32
32. Optimal Contracts with Lock-In
    American Economic Review, 1989, 79, (1), 51-68 View citations (42)
    See also Working Paper Optimal Contracts with Lock-In, Department of Economics, Working Paper Series (1987) View citations (1) (1987)
33. The Theory of Business Strategy
    RAND Journal of Economics, 1989, 20, (1), 125-137 View citations (46)

1988

34. Counterfeit-Product Trade
    American Economic Review, 1988, 78, (1), 59-75 View citations (71)
    See also Working Paper Counterfeit-Product Trade, NBER Working Papers (1986) View citations (15) (1986)
35. Dynamic Competition with Switching Costs
    RAND Journal of Economics, 1988, 19, (1), 123-137 View citations (189)
    See also Working Paper Dynamic Competition with Switching Costs, Economics Working Papers (1988) View citations (190) (1988)
36. Foreign Counterfeiting of Status Goods
    The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1988, 103, (1), 79-100 View citations (141)
    See also Working Paper Foreign Counterfeiting of Status Goods, NBER Working Papers (1986) View citations (36) (1986)

1987

37. Dynamic R&D Competition
    Economic Journal, 1987, 97, (386), 372-87 View citations (79)
    See also Working Paper Dynamic R&D Competition, NBER Working Papers (1985) View citations (2) (1985)
38. R&D Rivalry with Licensing or Imitation
    American Economic Review, 1987, 77, (3), 402-20 View citations (147)

1986

39. Exchange of Cost Information in Oligopoly
    The Review of Economic Studies, 1986, 53, (3), 433-446 View citations (189)
40. How to License Intangible Property
    The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1986, 101, (3), 567-589 View citations (301)
41. Investment, Moral Hazard, and Occupational Licensing
    The Review of Economic Studies, 1986, 53, (5), 843-862 View citations (170)
42. Optimal Dynamic R&D Programs
    RAND Journal of Economics, 1986, 17, (4), 581-593 View citations (43)
    See also Working Paper Optimal Dynamic R&D Programs, NBER Working Papers (1985) View citations (2) (1985)
43. Product Compatibility Choice in a Market with Technological Progress
    Oxford Economic Papers, 1986, 38, 146-65 View citations (75)
44. Research Joint Ventures: An Antitrust Analysis
    The Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, 1986, 2, (2), 315-37 View citations (77)
45. Technology Adoption in the Presence of Network Externalities
    Journal of Political Economy, 1986, 94, (4), 822-41 View citations (739)

1985

46. Can Unemployment Be Involuntary? Reply [Equilibrium Unemployemnt as a Worker Discipline Device]
    American Economic Review, 1985, 75, (5), 1215-17 View citations (5)
47. Equilibrium Unemployment as a Worker Discipline Device: Reply
    American Economic Review, 1985, 75, (4), 892-93 View citations (10)
48. Network Externalities, Competition, and Compatibility
    American Economic Review, 1985, 75, (3), 424-40 View citations (1775)
49. On the Licensing of Innovations
    RAND Journal of Economics, 1985, 16, (4), 504-520 View citations (305)
50. Patent Licensing and R&D Rivalry
    American Economic Review, 1985, 75, (2), 25-30 View citations (127)

1984

51. Advances in supervision technology and economic welfare: a general equilibrium analysis
    Journal of Public Economics, 1984, 25, (3), 371-389 View citations (4)
    See also Working Paper Advances in Supervision Technology and Economic Welfare: A General Equilibrium Analysis, Working Papers (1983) (1983)
52. Equilibrium Unemployment as a Worker Discipline Device
    American Economic Review, 1984, 74, (3), 433-44 View citations (2683)
53. Informative Advertising with Differentiated Products
    The Review of Economic Studies, 1984, 51, (1), 63-81 View citations (402)

1983

54. Optimal Pricing of Experience Goods
    Bell Journal of Economics, 1983, 14, (2), 497-507 View citations (92)
55. Premiums for High Quality Products as Returns to Reputations
    The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1983, 98, (4), 659-679 View citations (752)

1982

56. A Theory of Factor Mobility
    Journal of Political Economy, 1982, 90, (5), 1054-69 View citations (34)
57. Consumer Information, Product Quality, and Seller Reputation
    Bell Journal of Economics, 1982, 13, (1), 20-35 View citations (214)

1980

58. Advertising and Welfare: Comment
    Bell Journal of Economics, 1980, 11, (2), 749-752 View citations (45)

Books

2004

1. The Economics of Information Technology
   Cambridge Books, Cambridge University Press View citations (67)
   Also in Cambridge Books, Cambridge University Press (2004) View citations (67)

Chapters

2019

1. Antitrust and Innovation: Welcoming and Protecting Disruption
   A chapter in Innovation Policy and the Economy, Volume 20, 2019, pp 125-190 View citations (10)
   See also Journal Article Antitrust and Innovation: Welcoming and Protecting Disruption, University of Chicago Press (2020) View citations (20) (2020)
   Working Paper Antitrust and Innovation: Welcoming and Protecting Disruption, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc (2019) View citations (10) (2019)

2018

2. Artificial Intelligence, Economics, and Industrial Organization
   A chapter in The Economics of Artificial Intelligence: An Agenda, 2018, pp 399-419 View citations (36)

2015

3. Patent Assertions: Are We Any Closer to Aligning Reward to Contribution?
   A chapter in Innovation Policy and the Economy, Volume 16, 2015, pp 89-133
   See also Working Paper Patent Assertions: Are We Any Closer to Aligning Reward to Contribution?, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc (2015) (2015)
   Journal Article Patent Assertions: Are We Any Closer to Aligning Reward to Contribution?, University of Chicago Press (2016) View citations (13) (2016)

2011

4. Competition and Innovation: Did Arrow Hit the Bull's Eye?
   A chapter in The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity Revisited, 2011, pp 361-404 View citations (9)

2008

5. Patent Reform: Aligning Reward and Contribution
   A chapter in Innovation Policy and the Economy, Volume 8, 2008, pp 111-156 View citations (11)
   See also Working Paper Patent Reform: Aligning Reward and Contribution, Competition Policy Center, Institute for Business and Economic Research, UC Berkeley (2007) View citations (32) (2007)

2007

6. Antitrust
   Elsevier
   See also Working Paper Antitrust, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc (2007) View citations (1) (2007)

2001

7. Navigating the Patent Thicket: Cross Licenses, Patent Pools, and Standard Setting
   A chapter in Innovation Policy and the Economy, Volume 1, 2001, pp 119-150 View citations (428)
   See also Working Paper Navigating the Patent Thicket: Cross Licenses, Patent Pools and Standard Setting, David K. Levine (2004) View citations (10) (2004)

1989

8. Theories of oligopoly behavior
   Chapter 06 in Handbook of Industrial Organization, 1989, vol. 1, pp 329-414 View citations (209)