Defining Households That Are Underserved in Digital Payment Services

Claire Greene, Fumiko Hayashi, Alicia Lloro, Oz Shy, Joanna Stavins and Ying Lei Toh

AEA Papers and Proceedings, 2026, vol. 116, 305-308

Abstract: US households that lack digital means of making and receiving payments cannot participate fully in an increasingly digitized economy. Assessing the scope of this problem and addressing it requires a definition of households that are underserved in digital payments. In this paper, we define and characterize households that are underserved in digital payments by considering four key elements—access, use, safety, and affordability—and discuss how researchers may assess these elements to quantify the share of households underserved in digital payments.

JEL-codes: D12 E42 G21 G51 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2026
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DOI: 10.1257/pandp.20261009

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