Health and Sociocultural Disparities by Sex Characteristics in Chile

Ercio Muñoz, Melanie Saavedra and Dario Sansone

AEA Papers and Proceedings, 2026, vol. 116, 589-593

Abstract: This study provides evidence on health and sociocultural disparities by sex characteristics using data from the 2022–2023 Chilean National Health, Sexuality, and Gender Survey, one of the first nationally representative surveys in the world to include self-identified intersex status. Intersex individuals report significantly higher rates of sexual abuse, anxiety, and suicidal ideation compared to endosex peers. Access to private health insurance is also significantly lower among intersex individuals. These disparities persist after adjusting for sexual orientation, gender identity, and sociodemographic factors. On the other hand, there are fewer differences by sex characteristics in religiosity and political affiliation.

JEL-codes: I12 I14 J16 O15 Z13 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2026
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DOI: 10.1257/pandp.20261055

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