Treatment-Effect Estimation in Complex Designs under a Parallel-trends Assumption

Cl\'ement de Chaisemartin and Xavier D'Haultf{\oe}uille

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Abstract: This paper considers the identification of dynamic treatment effects with panel data, in complex designs where the treatment may not be binary and may not be absorbing. We first show that under no-anticipation and parallel-trends assumptions, we can identify event-study effects comparing outcomes under the actual treatment path and under the status-quo path where all units would have kept their period-one treatment throughout the panel. Those effects can be helpful to evaluate ex-post the policies that effectively took place, and once properly normalized they estimate weighted averages of marginal effects of the current and lagged treatments on the outcome. Yet, they may still be hard to interpret, and they cannot be used to evaluate the effects of other policies than the ones that were conducted. To make progress, we impose another restriction, namely a random coefficients distributed-lag linear model, where effects remain constant over time. Under this model, the usual distributed-lag two-way-fixed-effects regression may be misleading. Instead, we show that this random coefficients model can be estimated simply. We illustrate our findings by revisiting Gentzkow, Shapiro and Sinkinson (2011).

Date: 2025-08, Revised 2025-09
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