Inference in Panel SVARs with Two-Way Dependence

Lennart Empting, Saskia \"Ozt\"urk, Simone Maxand and Konstantin Wagner

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Abstract: We develop inference for heterogeneous panel vector autoregressive (VAR) models and their structural impulse response functions, where the error terms are dependent in the cross-sectional and time dimensions (two-way dependence). For proxy-identified structural VARs, we first adapt mean-group estimation and construct a closed-form pooled identification. Considering the reduced-form VAR dynamics, residual covariances, and structural parameters, we derive a joint central limit theorem under joint limits in the cross-sectional and time dimensions. We then propose a recursive-design panel moving-block bootstrap that resamples the estimated error terms in (i) the temporal, (ii) the cross-sectional, or (iii) both dimensions jointly, and prove consistency of the joint panel-block scheme under two-way dependence. Simulations show coverage close to the nominal level for the joint scheme but severe undercoverage for cross-sectional resampling.

Date: 2026-10
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