AI and the Boundary of the Firm: Evidence from Radiology

Marco Francesconi and Xiaoyu Xia

No 13086, CESifo Working Paper Series from CESifo

Abstract: Artificial intelligence (AI) may transform labor markets not only by changing workers' tasks but also by reorganizing production. We study radiology, where AI has spread rapidly without increasing interpretations per radiologist. In our model, AI facilitates outsourcing by letting hospitals verify the quality of remotely supplied interpretations. Using US Medicare data for 2013-2024, we document declining local radiology activity in smaller markets despite stable imaging demand. Interpretations shift toward larger markets, and radiologists at documented AI-adopting platforms end up serving more markets. AI can thus reshape firm boundaries and the geographic organization of professional work without replacing workers' tasks.

Keywords: artificial intelligence; labor demand; technology adoption; task substitution; firm boundaries; outsourcing; radiology; health care (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I11 J23 L22 L24 O33 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2026
New Economics Papers: this item is included in nep-ain, nep-bec and nep-hea
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