Decomposing Trends in the Gender Gap for Highly Educated Workers

Joseph Altonji, John Eric Humphries, Yagmur Yuksel and Ling Zhong
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Joseph Altonji: Yale University and NBER
John Eric Humphries: Yale University and NBER
Yagmur Yuksel: Northwestern University
Ling Zhong: Yale University

No 2457, Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers from Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics, Yale University

Abstract: This paper examines the gender gap in log earnings among full-time, college-educated workers born between 1931 and 1984. Using data from the National Survey of College Graduates and other sources, we decompose the gender earnings gap across birth cohorts into three components: (i) gender differences in the relative returns to undergraduate and graduate fields, (ii) gender-specific trends in undergraduate field, graduate degree attainment, and graduate field, and (iii) a cohortspecific Òresidual componentÓ that shifts the gender gap uniformly across all college graduates. We have three main findings. First, when holding the relative returns to fields constant, changes in fields of study contribute 0.128 to the decline in the gender gap. However, this decline is partially offset by cohort trends in the relative returns to specific fields that favored men over women, reducing the contribution of field-of-study changes to the decline to 0.055. Second, gender differences in the relative returns to undergraduate and graduate fields of study contribute to the earnings gap, but they play a limited role in explaining its decline over time. Third, much of the convergence in earnings between the 1931 and 1950 cohorts is due to a declining Òresidual component.Ó The residual component remains stable for cohorts born between 1951 and the late 1970s, after which it resumes its decline.

Pages: 113 pages
Date: 2025-08-21
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