Optimal grid-forming BESS management incorporating internal battery physics

Yuanbo Chen, Kedi Zheng, Cheng Feng, Junling Huang, Hongye Guo and Haiwang Zhong

Applied Energy, 2025, vol. 385, issue C, No S0306261925001783

Abstract: Providing the grid-forming service (GFS) via the battery energy storage system (BESS) is essential for the increasing integration of renewable energy in modern grids. However, rapid interactions between GFS responses and battery physics pose a significant challenge in managing grid-forming BESS operations. This paper explores the grid-forming BESS management considering internal battery physics. We first develop a physics-based model that captures the authentic available power and aging dynamics of BESS during GFS provision. Based on the physics-based model, we propose a two-stage stochastic optimization problem to determine the GFS coefficients and schedule the BESS power during the day-ahead period considering uncertain grid frequency. A real-time power regulation method is further designed to implement the scheduling results, considering the practicality of both internal battery physics and external grid frequency. Case studies reveal that the proposed management can support optimal grid-forming BESS operations effectively, achieving high GFS performance and BESS profitability adaptively under various grid-side conditions and BESS statuses.

Keywords: Battery energy storage system; Battery mechanism; Grid-forming; BESS management; Physics-based (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125448

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