A review on challenges in low temperature Lithium-ion cells and future prospects

Andrew N. Misiani and Babalola Aisosa Oni

Applied Energy, 2025, vol. 393, issue C, No S0306261925007172

Abstract: Lithium-ion batteries are vital for electric vehicles (EVs) and modern electronics, but their performance suffers significantly at low temperatures, especially below 0 °C. The primary challenge lies in the liquid electrolyte, where reduced Li+ diffusion, poor transfer kinetics, high desolvation barriers, and lithium plating lead to capacity loss and reduced cycle life. To address these issues, this review explores the main limitations of low temperature (LT) electrolytes and current advances in Li-salts, solvents, additives, and innovative schemes. It also examines the challenges faced by each component of Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) —anode, cathode, and electrolyte—in cold environments and proposes modification methods to improve low temperature performance. By analyzing these developments, the review offers perceptions into the design of cryogenic electrolytes and highlights future research paths, aiming to enhance the operability of Lithium-ion batteries in extreme environments such as aerospace and polar regions, thus accelerating their commercialization and broader application.

Keywords: Low temperature; Electrolyte; Anode; Cathode; Electrode materials; Lithium-ion batteries (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125987

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