Gravitational energy storage: Media taxonomy, efficiency factors, comparison and selection

Xixi Wang, Haitao Yang, Xingbin Li, Zhigan Deng, Guohui Fu, Qianfeng Wu and Hui Zhi

Applied Energy, 2025, vol. 395, issue C, No S0306261925009638

Abstract: Energy storage technology (EST) has gained widespread attention as a key method of providing smooth and continuous electrical power with the rapid development of renewable energy sources. Gravitational energy storage (GES) has become an emerging mechanical EST due to its simple principle, low cost, large capacity, high efficiency and safety. This paper classifies GES into fluid GES, solid GES and particle GES according to different storage mediums with calculation principles, defines particle GES for the first time, and provides in-depth analyses and discussions on its related technologies. By comparing characteristics, status quo, advantages and disadvantages of different GES, efficiency impact factors are concluded, comparison and selection methods are summarized. It shows GES can complement other ESTs to promote renewable energy development. GES commercialization projects have been implemented, and need to assess their levelized cost of storage (LCOS) based on operational data feedback while clarifying industry indicators and exploring a stable development model.

Keywords: Gravitational energy storage; Medium; Particle gravitational energy storage; Comparison and selection; Levelized cost of storage (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126233

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