Optimizing software defined battery systems for transformer protection

Sonia Martin, Obidike Nnorom, Philip Levis and Ram Rajagopal

Applied Energy, 2025, vol. 396, issue C, No S030626192501013X

Abstract: Residential electric vehicle charging causes large spikes in electricity demand that risk violating neighborhood transformer power limits. Battery energy storage systems reduce these transformer limit violations, but operating them individually is not cost-optimal. Instead of individual optimization, aggregating, or sharing, these batteries leads to cost-optimal performance, but homeowners must relinquish battery control. This paper leverages virtualization to propose battery sharing optimization schemes to reduce electricity costs, extend the lifetime of a residential transformer, and maintain homeowner control over the battery. A case study with simulated home loads, solar generation, and electric vehicle charging profiles demonstrates that joint, or shared, optimization reduces consumer bills by 56 % and transformer aging by 48 % compared to individual optimization. Hybrid and dynamic optimization schemes that provide owners with autonomy have similar transformer aging reduction but are slightly less cost-effective. These results suggest that controlling shared batteries with virtualization is an effective way to delay transformer upgrades in the face of growing residential electric vehicle charging penetration.

Keywords: Battery energy storage systems; Virtualization; Transformer aging; Optimization; Model predictive control (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126283

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