Vehicle-to-everything mode of operation technologies: A state-of-art systematic review

Ashkan Safari and Afshin Rahimi

Applied Energy, 2025, vol. 398, issue C, No S0306261925011122

Abstract: Electric Vehicles (EVs) are among the counterpart components in sustainable transportation and its economy by reducing carbon emissions, improving air quality, and decreasing reliance on fossil fuels. To this end, Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) technologies are considered the main part of EV development. Consequently, V2X technologies, including Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G), Vehicle-to-Building (V2B), Vehicle-to-Load (V2L), Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V), and Vehicle-to-Ship (V2S) enable energy and data transfer between EVs and their environment, enhancing power grid stability, supporting building energy needs, and facilitating inter-vehicle communication for more efficient and sustainable transportation systems. Based on the importance of V2X, many reviews have been conducted in recent years, highlighting their different aspects and components. However, no one has anticipated a complete overview of this technology. Therefore, this overview paper presents a complete review of EVs force/energy modeling, V2X (V2G, V2B, V2V, V2L, and V2S) technologies, human intention and machine interface, electricity market, as well as the recent Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based strategies integrated with them. Furthermore, the official standards, datasets, and financed projects related to V2X technologies are investigated. Finally, the challenges of each technology are analyzed, and future works are presented. The future of EVs promises widespread adoption driven by advancements in battery technology, enhanced charging infrastructure, and supportive V2X technologies, leading to cleaner and more efficient transportation systems that contribute to global decarbonization and net-zero emission goals.

Keywords: Artificial intelligence; Electric vehicle; Energy storages; Renewable energy; Power supply; Vehicle-to-everything (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126382

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