Transition metal phosphides for efficient hydrogen evolution: Synthesis, multiscale regulation, and industrial prospects

Hao Dong, Junzheng Jiang, Song Xie, Chan Lin, Pengcheng Wei, Xuming Zhang, Pu Hu, Emmanuel I. Iwuoha and Xiang Peng

Applied Energy, 2025, vol. 400, issue C, No S0306261925012802

Abstract: Achieving scalable green hydrogen generation through water electrolysis hinges on discovering affordable yet highly effective hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalysts to replace traditional Pt-based options. Transition metal phosphides (TMPs) have risen as attractive electrocatalysts, featuring tunable electronic structures, excellent conductivity, and robust stability. This review systematically examines recent advances in TMPs-based HER catalysts, bridging fundamental research and industrial applications. We first elucidate structure-activity relationships and HER mechanisms, then critically evaluate scalable synthesis methods. Multiscale optimization strategies are comprehensively discussed, including atomic-scale engineering, nanostructural design, and hybrid composites, with experimental-theoretical correlations quantifying performance enhancements. Notably, we highlight breakthroughs in achieving industrial current densities (≥500 mA cm−2) while maintaining stability. Key challenges in in-situ characterization, durability, and practical deployment are identified, with targeted solutions proposed to accelerate commercialization. This work provides critical insights for designing next-generation HER electrocatalysts to enable sustainable hydrogen production at scale.

Keywords: Transition metal phosphides; Electrocatalyst; Regulation strategy; Hydrogen evolution reaction; Electrocatalysis (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126550

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