AGC of an electric power system utilizing WHO-optimized FOID-FOPTID control scheme

Ravi Choudhary, J.N. Rai and Yogendra Arya

Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, 2026, vol. 210, issue P1

Abstract: During peak hours, there is an increase in demand for power, and the supply of power is limited. This leads to an inequality between the power that is delivered and the power that is needed, which causes frequency variations. Automatic generation control, or AGC, is integrated with an appropriate controller and energy storage devices (ESDs) to ensure that power systems operate at a consistent frequency. This study focuses on a realistic linear/nonlinear single-area thermal hydro gas multi-source power system. This work projects a fractional order integral derivative (FOID)-FO proportional tilt ID (FOPTID) structured controller in the design of AGC to maintain power balance in dynamic conditions. Utilizing a recently developed wild horse optimization (WHO) algorithm, the controller parameters are adjusted. The sovereignty of the recommended WHO-optimized FOID-FOPTID controller is recognized over WHO-optimized PID/TID and various recently published results of Integral/PI/PID controllers. Next, the results of the system with various ESDs and hybrid ESDs are investigated. It is observed that redox flow battery (RFB) offers better performance over capacitive energy storage (CES) and superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES), and hybrid CES-RFB outperforms SMES-CES and SMES-RFB hybrid ESD options. Additionally, variations in system parameters validated the robust behaviour of the suggested control methodology.

Keywords: Nonlinearity; Optimal control; AGC; Cascaded controller; FOID-FOPTID; Power system (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2026
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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:eee:chsofr:v:210:y:2026:i:p1:s0960077926006740

DOI: 10.1016/j.chaos.2026.118533

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