 Valuation of electric vehicle batteries in vehicle-to-grid and battery-to-grid systemsRobert Hein, Paul R. Kleindorfer and Stefan Spinler Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 2012, vol. 79, issue 9, 1654-1671 Abstract: Batteries are responsible for the major share of costs of electric vehicles (EVs). However, they are idle most of the time during vehicle use and expected to retain a significant capacity when discarded from vehicle use. As a result, they may provide an additional value during and after their vehicle life, helping to reduce their total costs of ownership. We use a dynamic model to evaluate three competing approaches of using EV batteries for grid applications. These are (1) batteries installed in EVs, also known as vehicle-to-grid (V2G), as well as (2) used and (3) new batteries installed in stationary energy storage systems (ESS), which we refer to as battery-to-grid (B2G). We find that none of the approaches is likely to be implemented on a large scale as the anticipated revenues barely (if at all) offset the additional costs incurred by the corresponding applications. Keywords: Vehicle-to-grid; Battery-to-grid; System dynamics; Economic modeling; Technology forecasting; Technology evaluation (search for similar items in EconPapers) Downloads: (external link) Related works: Export reference: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) HTML/Text Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:eee:tefoso:v:79:y:2012:i:9:p:1654-1671 DOI: 10.1016/j.techfore.2012.06.002 Access Statistics for this article Technological Forecasting and Social Change is currently edited by Fred Phillips More articles in Technological Forecasting and Social Change from Elsevier |
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