Extremity and groups

Lyn M. van Swol and Han Zhou

Chapter 3 in Research Handbook on Group Decision Making, 2026, pp 38-50 from Edward Elgar Publishing

Abstract: This book chapter explores the dynamics of group polarization and extremism, reviewing evidence on whether individuals become more polarized after discussions, whether group decisions are more extreme than individual opinions, and how extreme members influence other members. We distinguish extremity from polarization, then review classic accounts—social comparison, persuasive arguments, and social identity—and specify conditions that moderate or amplify movement toward extremes (member heterogeneity, multiple identities, decision rules). Extending to naturalistic contexts, significance-quest theory provides a Need–Narrative–Network framework for understanding how norms and networks support radicalization. For “extreme members,” we examine: how they show higher participation and confidence, when deviant positions are marginalized versus valorized (pro-normative versus anti-normative), and how intergroup competition increases preference for extreme leaders. Minority influence emerges through informational routes and integrative complexity rather than simple normative pressure. Practical implications include structuring deliberation to diversify information, calibrate aggregation rules, and foster cognitive complexity.

Keywords: Extremity; Polarization; Minority influence; Group dynamics; Extremism; Integrative complexity; Social identity; Normative influence (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2026
ISBN: 9781035331239
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