Dual model of decision-making

Silvio Aldrovandi

Chapter 22 in Elgar Concise Encyclopedia of Neuroscience and Management, 2026, pp 76-79 from Edward Elgar Publishing

Abstract: The dual-process model of decision-making distinguishes between two cognitive systems: an intuitive, automatic System 1, and an analytical, deliberative System 2. System 1 enables fast, heuristic-based judgements, while System 2 supports slower, reflective reasoning. Factors such as cognitive load, time pressure, and expertise determine which system predominates. Research highlights both the adaptive and biased nature of intuitive processes, exemplified by heuristics like availability and anchoring. Although the model has profoundly shaped cognitive psychology, critics argue that human cognition may be better conceptualised as a continuum of interacting processes rather than two distinct systems.

Keywords: Dual-process model; System 1; System 2; Heuristics; Cognitive load; Expertise (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2026
ISBN: 9781035332885
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