The Complementary Effects of Financial Education and Payday Lending Regulations on Financial Inclusion

Aditi Routh and Carly Urban

No RWP 25-14, Research Working Paper from Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City

Abstract: Approximately 5.6 million U.S. households remained unbanked in 2023. We examine the effects of state-mandated high school personal finance coursework on banking outcomes. Because the unbanked population resorts to alternative financial services, such as payday loans, for their financial needs, we also examine the interplay between payday loan regulation and financial education. We find that exposure to personal finance coursework is associated with a lower likelihood of being unbanked and of unbanked adults being uninterested in opening a bank account. This finding holds regardless of whether the state has allowed or restricted payday lending, with modestly larger effects in states with stronger restrictions. These results suggest that, for financial inclusion, regulatory measures and financial education are more likely complements than substitutes.

Keywords: financial education; Payday lending; financial inclusion; consumer finance (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: D12 D14 G21 G28 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Pages: 30
Date: 2025-10-16, Revised 2025-11-19
New Economics Papers: this item is included in nep-fle and nep-pay
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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:fip:fedkrw:101957

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DOI: 10.18651/RWP2025-14

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