1 + 1 > 2? Information, Humans, and Machines

Tian Lu () and Yingjie Zhang ()
Additional contact information
Tian Lu: Department of Information Systems, W. P. Carey School of Business, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287
Yingjie Zhang: Guanghua School of Management, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China

Information Systems Research, 2025, vol. 36, issue 1, 394-418

Abstract: With the explosive growth of data and the rapid rise of artificial intelligence and automated working processes, humans inevitably fall into increasingly close collaboration with machines as either employees or consumers. Problems in human–machine interaction arise as a consequence, not to mention the dilemmas posed by the need to manage information on ever-expanding scales. Considering the general superiority of machines in this latter respect, compared with human performance, it is essential to explore whether human–machine collaboration is valuable and, if so, why. Recent studies propose diverse explanation methods to uncover machine learning algorithms’ “black boxes,” aiming to reduce human resistance and enhance efficiency. However, the findings of this literature stream have been inconclusive. Little is known about the influential factors involved or the rationale behind their impacts on human decision processes. We aimed to tackle these issues in the present study by specifically examining the joint impact of information complexity and machine explanations. Specifically, we cooperated with a large Asian microloan company to conduct a two-stage field experiment. Drawing upon studies in dual-process theories of reasoning that propose different conditions necessary to arouse humans’ active information processing and systematic thinking, we tailored the treatments to vary the level of information complexity, the presence of collaboration, and the availability of machine explanations. We observed that, with large volumes of information and with machine explanations alone, human evaluators could not add extra value to the final collaborative outcomes. However, when extensive information was coupled with machine explanations, human involvement significantly reduced the default rate compared with machine-only decisions. We disentangled the underlying mechanisms with three-step empirical analyses. We reveal that the coexistence of large-scale information and machine explanations can invoke humans’ active rethinking, which, in turn, shrinks gender gaps and increases prediction accuracy. In particular, we demonstrate that humans can spontaneously associate newly emerging features with others that had been overlooked but had the potential to correct the machine’s mistakes. This capacity not only underscores the necessity of human–machine collaboration, but also offers insights into system designs. Our experiments and empirical findings provide nontrivial implications that are both theoretical and practical.

Keywords: decision making; gender biases; human–machine collaboration; information processing; machine explanations; microfinance; rethinking (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
References: Add references at CitEc
Citations:

Downloads: (external link)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/isre.2023.0305 (application/pdf)

Related works:
This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: Search for items with the same title.

Export reference: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) HTML/Text

Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:inm:orisre:v:36:y:2025:i:1:p:394-418

Access Statistics for this article

More articles in Information Systems Research from INFORMS Contact information at EDIRC.
Bibliographic data for series maintained by Chris Asher ().