Global Energy and Climate Outlook 2025

Kimon Keramidas (), Florian Fosse, Javier Aycart (), Paul Dowling (), Rafael Garaffa (), Eva Giurgiu Fuchs, Jose Ordonez, Stefan Petrovic, Peter Russ (), Burkhard Schade (), Andreas Schmitz (), Antonio Soria Ramirez (), Camille Van Der Vorst () and Matthias Weitzel ()
Additional contact information
Kimon Keramidas: European Commission - JRC, https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu/index_en
Javier Aycart: European Commission - JRC, https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu/index_en
Paul Dowling: European Commission - JRC, https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu/index_en
Rafael Garaffa: European Commission - JRC, https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu/index_en
Peter Russ: European Commission - JRC, https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu/index_en
Burkhard Schade: European Commission - JRC, https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu/index_en
Andreas Schmitz: European Commission - JRC, https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu/index_en
Antonio Soria Ramirez: European Commission - JRC, https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu/index_en
Camille Van Der Vorst: European Commission - JRC, https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu/index_en
Matthias Weitzel: European Commission - JRC, https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu/index_en

No JRC145985, JRC Research Reports from Joint Research Centre

Abstract: Enhancing competitiveness became a key priority for policymakers in 2025. Decarbonisation efforts hinge on the relative competitiveness of clean energy technologies compared to high-emitting counterparts. GECO 2025 assesses the competitiveness of a range of key clean energy technologies globally, within the context of meeting global temperature targets. The report finds that a few technologies are already able to compete with their high-emitting counterparts, a few others are close to be able to do so, but many important clean energy technologies are far from maturity and require more support to reach the deployment levels required in the 1.5°C scenario. In a world where tariffs and trade barriers are increasingly on the rise, GECO 2025 also investigates the impact of global trade patterns on economic growth and decarbonisation, finding minimal interaction between climate and trade policy at global GDP level. International trade fragmentation may cause a limited reduction in GHG emissions but also hampers deep decarbonisation. Against this framework of structural change, climate mitigation reshapes international trade flows, where the scale of energy carrier transactions is set by the ambition of climate policies, and the volume of manufacturing commerce is driven by trade policy.

Date: 2026-03
New Economics Papers: this item is included in nep-ene
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