Indirect Estimators of Intergenerational Mobility

Andrea Del Pizzo (), Martin Nybom () and Jan Stuhler ()
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Andrea Del Pizzo: Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
Martin Nybom: Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy (IFAU)
Jan Stuhler: Universidad Carlos III de Madrid

No 18641, IZA Discussion Papers from IZA Network @ LISER

Abstract: This chapter reviews indirect estimators of intergenerational mobility, focusing on approaches that infer parent - child or other family associations when direct income data are incomplete or unavailable. We synthesize methods based on instrumental variables, imputation using observable characteristics such as education and occupation, surname-based estimators, and multigenerational linkages. To unify these approaches, we introduce a stylized framework in which socioeconomic status is transmitted through multiple pathways with heterogeneous persistence rates. Within this framework, both direct and indirect estimators can be interpreted as weighted averages of these underlying transmission channels. A central insight is that the choice of instrument or imputation strategy determines these weights, leading different methods to capture distinct aspects of the transmission process. We highlight implications for interpretation, showing that indirect estimators need not recover conventional parent–child correlations but can instead provide complementary evidence on long-run persistence and the mechanisms underlying persistent inequalities.

Keywords: intergenerational mobility; instrumental variables; surnames; multigenerational mobility (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: C26 J12 J62 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2026-05
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