Diverging or converging technology capabilities in the European Union?

Jonas Grafström () and Carl Alm ()
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Jonas Grafström: The Ratio Institute
Carl Alm: The Ratio Institute

The Journal of Technology Transfer, 2025, vol. 50, issue 2, No 14, 728-751

Abstract: Abstract The ongoing debate among economists regarding the presence of economic convergence or divergence has been reignited. This paper aims to dissect the extent of technological divergence or convergence among European Union member states, evaluating the effectiveness of the EU’s pronounced goals for convergence. Defining a countries technological level is not straightforward, this study examines six key indicators: (a) scientific journal publications, (b) total patents, (c) high tech exports, (d) Gross domestic expenditure on R&D, (e) government budget on R&D, and (f) human resources in science and technology as a share of the active population. Employing both time-series and longitudinal methodologies, the analysis spans from 2000 to 2019. The findings reveal a gradual catching-up trend in the inventive capabilities across the EU. This modest pace of convergence necessitates a critical reassessment by policymakers of the current EU convergence strategies to ensure they effectively foster technological parity among member states.

Keywords: Convergence; Divergence; Technology; Development; Europe; Science (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: E61 O32 Q2 Q58 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1007/s10961-024-10070-0

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