The Effects of Training under the Employment Adjustment Subsidy during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from Japan

Takashi Kamihigashi and Corrado Di Guilmi
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Takashi Kamihigashi: Center for Computational Social Science (CCSS) and Research Institute for Economics & Business Administration, Kobe University, JAPAN
Corrado Di Guilmi: Economic Discipline Group, University of Technology Sydney, AUSTRALIA, Department of Economics and ManagementUniversity of Florence, ITALY, Center for Computational Social Science, Kobe University, JAPAN and Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis, Australian National University, AUSTRALIA

No DP2026-13, Discussion Paper Series from Research Institute for Economics & Business Administration, Kobe University

Abstract: The paper introduces forward-looking intertemporal optimization in an agent-based model. Optimization is implemented considering, on the one hand that revision of economic behavior do not occur continuosly over time but only when circumstances suggest or impose it, and, on the other hand, that, given the inherent uncertainty and complexity of the economic system, the planning horizon is finite. We propose a macroeco nomic model with a large population of household agents. Each period a random sample of them will reset their propensities to consume and invest by maximizing their intertemporal utility. The study is a primer in considering the joint effect of heterogeneous agents’ interaction and forward-looking behavior, and provides novel insights into the mechanism of transmission of individual choices to the macroeconomy. The heavy computational tasks are managed through the development of new programming tools. The oexistence of interaction and forward looking be havior generates interesting coordination dynamics. The results suggest that even a tiny fraction of optimizing agents over the whole population has a significant effect of aggregate output, but this effect is nonlinear and conditional on the length of the panning horizon.

Pages: 34 pages
Date: 2026-03
New Economics Papers: this item is included in nep-inv, nep-sea and nep-upt
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